Special Degree in Maths

AMS 3111 – MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Gamma and Beta functions, Elliptic Integrals, Fourier Analysis; Partial Differential Equations; Solutions of linear partial differential equations with homogeneous and non-homogeneous boundary conditions; Variable separable methods; Laplace transforms; Fourier transforms, Fourier sine and cosine transforms; Hankel transforms; Melin transforms; Calculus of Variation; Chebyshw polynomials; Hermite polynomials.

Assignment: At least 2 (30%)

Examination: 4 out of 6 questions (70%)

AMS 3113 – INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
1. Preliminaries

(i) Basic concepts and Taylor's theorem

(ii) Orders of convergence

(iii) Difference equations

(iv) Error analysis

2. Solutions of non-linear equations

(i) Bisection method

(ii) Newton’s method

(iii) Secant method

(iv) Fixed point functional iteration

3. Solving system of linear equations

(i) Physical problems leading to linear systems

(ii) The LU and cholesky decomposition

(iii) Direct methods

(iv) Iterative methods

(v) Error and convergence analysis

4. Approximating functions

(i) Polynomial interpolation

(ii) Divided differences

(iii) Hermite interpolation

(iv) Spline interpolation

5. Numerical differentiation and integration

(i) Numerical differentiation and Richardson Extrapolation

(ii) Numerical integration based on interpolation

(iii) Gaussian quadrature

(iv) Romberg integration

(v) Adaptive quadrature

6. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations

(i) The Taylor series methods

(ii) Runge-Kutta method

(iii) Linear Multi steps methods

(iv) Consistency, Stability and Convergence results

(v) Introduction to stiff problems

(vi) Shooting methods for boundary value problems

Assignment: At least 2 (30%)

Examination: 4 out of 6 questions (70%)

AM 3109 – MATHEMATICAL MODELLING –APPLICATIONS IN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

Introduction to economics and business. Role of mathematics in economics and business. General study of demand, supply and market equilibrium.

Static and comparative-static analysis of market models, input-output models and selected macro economic models. Effect of taxation on static market models.

Dynamic analysis in continuous and discrete time of market models, input-out put models, financial models and some macro economic models. Effect of taxation on dynamic market models.

Deterministic and probatilistic inventory models.

Elasticity and other Economic concepts: Elasticity of demand and supply – point and cross elasticities. Analysis of single product and joint products cost, revenue, average cost, price, profit functions, etc. Marginal analysis, consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus, Optimisation of revenue, cost and profit functions of single product and joint products.

Consumer demand theory: Derivation of utility functions. Maximizing utility functions with and without budget constraints. Derivation of demand functions.

Indifference curves. Marginal rate of substitution and contract curves (Edgeworth box).

Linear Programming and Economic applications: Introduction, graphical method for two variables, simplex algorithm, general linear programming problems (Big M / Two phase methods), Duality –dual simplex algorithm, Sensitivity analysis. Transportation and assignment models.

Introduction to Game theory: Zero-sum matrix games, single and mixed strategy games, optimal strategies, dominance. Simple applications.

STP 3103 Regression and Time Series

Correlation, Simple linear regression, least squares procedure, Gauss Markov theorem, confidence bands, multiple linear regression, lack of fit.

Decomposition of a time series, moving averages, autocorrelation, seasonality, stationary series, forecasting, use of statistical packages, MINITAB, GLIM, INSTAT, SAS and interpretation of their outputs.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

The Examination in the third year Special Degree in Mathematics shall consists of 9 papers of three hours duration each, from the following:

Compulsory Special units

PMS 3111, PMS 3112, PMS 3113, PMS 3114, AMS 3111, AMS 3113

COMPULSORY GENERAL UNITS
AM 3107, AM 3109, STP 3103

MG 3102 - Management

Prerequisites : None
No. of Students : Unlimited

Principles of Management, Functions of a Manager, planning and control, Decision. Organizational Behaviour, Characteristics of Organizations, Motivation, Leadership. Functional Areas and Managerial Economics, Financial Management. Marketing, Production, Procurement. Methods and the Measurement of work, inventory control, case Analysis.

30% for the assignments
70% for the written paper

CS 3121 Structured Systems Analysis and Design

Prerequisites : (Physical Science Students Only)
No. of Students : Unlimited

Introduction to Information Systems : Transaction Processing Systems, Management Information Systems, Decision Support Systems,Executive Support Systems and strategic Information Systems. The Systems Development Life Cycle : Steps, Tasks and Products. Fact gathering techniques: Interviews, Questionaires, Record Inspection and Observation. Data Capture, Input verification and Control. Tools for Structured Analysis: Data Flow Diagrams, Data Dictionaries, Information Flow Diagrams Activity Trigger Diagrams, Entity Relationship Diagrams, Document Flow Diagrams, Resource Flow Diagrams. Tools for Structured Design : Structure Charts, Warnier-Orr Diagrams, Hierarchical Input Output. Software Costing, CASE Tools, Fourth Generation Tools and Prototyping.

30% for the assignments
70% for the written paper

CSS 3131 Computer Systems Architecture

Classification of processor architectures, SISD, SIMD, MIMD; uni-processor design aspects: instruction sets, sequential execution, control unit design, micro-programmed control, performance improvement through instruction pipelining and RISC; machine support for high level languages and operating systems; management of memory hierarchy: virtual memory and cache memory, performance comparison; bus architectures; multiprocessors: shared memory systems and interconnection networks, protocols and cache coherency, assembly language programming

Assignment : At least 2 (30%)
Examination : 4 out of 6 Questions (70%)

CSS 3132 Database Systems

File Organisation and access mechanisms: sequential, direct, indexed, B-tree, inverted tree; Data models: Pre-relational, relational, post-relational(Object Oriented, deductive, functional etc.); Mathematical foundations: Relational algebra, calculus, prepositional and predicate calculus; Query language interfaces: QBE, QUEL, graphical; Advanced SQL features: sub-queries, correlated queries, complex joins, recursion, triggers and events, 4 GL, embedded SQL; Normal forms and normalisation: dependencies, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and higher normal forms, Non First Normal form; Database design: ER modelling, mapping ER model to relational model; Database administration; Development of a database application.

Assignment : At least 2 (30%)
Examination : 4 out of 6 Questions (70%)

CSS 3133 Mathematics for Computing II

Part A

Algebraic structures: general definition, types of algebra: monoids, groups, rings and fields; vector spaces, linear dependence and independence, inner product and norms; orthogonality; working with algebra: homomorphism, isomorphism, quotient algebra, polynomials and their roots; elementary number theory. Graphs: particular classes of graphs, graphs and associated relations, operations on graphs, graphs and associated matrices, graph algorithms.

Part B

Optimisation: linear programming, dynamic programming, constrained and unconstrained problems; Queues: discrete and continuous time Markov chains, birth-death processes, classical queueing system, M/M/m, M/G/1 variants., queue characteristic measures; Decision mathematics: Decision trees, Certain and uncertain decision making, Non-probabilistic and probabilistic decision problems, Posterior and pre posterior analysis.

Assignment : At least 2 (30%)
Examination : 4 out of 6 Questions (70%) - 2 questions to be answered from each part

CSS 3134 Operating Systems and Systems Programming

Operating system as a virtual machine and as a resource manager; Processes, inter-process communication and synchronisation, process transition using Unix as a example; memory allocation, segmentation, paging; loading, linking and libraries; resource allocation, scheduling and deadlock; File systems, consistency, redundancy, Unix file system as an example; user interfaces, standalone windows and network extended windows; distributed systems principles, Amoeba and Mach; current operating systems: Windows NT architecture and file system; System programming in the Unix environment: review of C programming, shell command language, system calls for process management, file access, network system calls, RPC, threading; program development

Assignment : At least 2 (30%)
Examination : 4 out of 6 Questions (70%)

CSS 3135 Programming Languages and Compiler Theory

Survey of programming languages, The design of modern programming languages, Formal description of syntax and semantics, Data types and structures, Static and dynamic memory allocation, Control structures, Block structures, Iteration and recursion, Runtime considerations such as variable binding time, Interpretative languages; Overview of compilers, Lexical and Syntactic parsing, Symbol table, Top-down and bottom-up algorithms, Semantic analysis, Simple error recovery strategies, Bootstrapping techniques, Optimisation and code generation, Case study.

Assignment : At least 2 (30%)
Examination : 4 out of 6 Questions (70%)

CSS 3136 Software Engineering

Software crisis, Software engineering objectives, Requirements specification, Software design, User interface design, Prototyping, Implementation, Testing, Maintenance, Quality assurance and Design of re-usable software; Failure points in software development, Introduction to Computer Assisted Software Engineering, CASE tools, ICASE, Characteristics and components of CASE tools, Engineering with CASE, Practical applications of CASE tools; Object oriented concepts, Object oriented analysis and design, Object oriented programming.

Assignment : At least 2 (30%)
Examination : 4 out of 6 Questions (70%)

CSS 3137 Group Project and Literature Survey

Students will be involved in a group project during the first term. This will be on a pre- allocated topic and will be assessed at three levels.

(a) Group presentation (20%)
(b) Group Report (50%)
(c) Individual Report (30%)

In addition, during the second term, students will be required to undertake a literature survey which will be evaluated by report only.

Each of these two components will contribute 50% towards the final grade for the unit.

PHS 3106 - Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell's equations & time dependant electromagnetic fields; conservation of charge, Faraday's law of induction, Poynting vector, electromagnetic wave equations, magnetic vector potential, Coulomb gauge, Lorentz gauge, retarded potentials, Electromagnetic waves; electromagnetic waves in an unbounded isotropic medium, characteristic impedance, pressure of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves in a good conductor and skin depth, electromagnetic waves in a plasma and plasma frequency, propagation of electromagnetic waves in the ionosphere, reflection of electromagnetic waves at an interface; boundary conditions, Fresnel's relations, reflection at air/dielectric interface, reflection at air/good conductor interface, Generation of electromagnetic waves; Hertzian dipole radiation, radiation from an accelerated charge, antennas, Microwaves in rectangular wave-guides; cut-off frequency, modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a wave-guide, wave impedance, Transmission lines; equations of telegraphy, characteristic impedance, voltage standing wave ratio, impedance matching and stub lines.

PHS 3107 - Advanced Electronics

Multistage amplifiers, Differential amplifiers, push-pull amplifiers, operational amplifiers, Basic op-amp circuits; inverting and Non inverting amplifiers and their applications; Op-amp circuits with negative and positive feedback; Field effect transistors (FET), JEET, MOSFETS and their characteristics; FET(MOSFET) amplifiers, active loads, CMOS Linear switches, Designing Combinational Logic circuits, sum of product form, simplification of logic circuits with algebraic and Karnaugh map methods. IC logic families, IC technology, TTL, ECL, NMOS, PMOS and CMOS gates. Open collector and tristate devices, Digital arithmetics. The 2s complement system`, TTL 7483 and its applications, sequential logic circuits, Flip-Flops, S-R, J-K, D and Master-Slave Flip-Flops, counters and registers, TTL 74193 and related counters, Analysis of sequential logic circuits, Transition tables, sequential circuit design, Excitation tables; MSl Logic circuits, Introduction to Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers and Demultiplexers, Data busing, Introduction to Memory devices.

PHS 3111 - Statistical Physics (45 hours)

Basic probability theory, binomial distribution, fluctuations. Kinetic Theory of Gases; Maxwellian distribution, pressure, interpretation of temperature, effusion, mean free path, transport phenomena, phase space and Boltzman canonical distribution. Statistical Mechanics; Basic concept of statistical mechanics, Boltzman, Fermi-Dirac and Bose Einstein statistics, statistic of classical limit, statistical mechanical interpretation of equilibrium state. Thermodynamics; Zeroth law and its statistical mechanical interpretation, first law, reversible change, application of first law to statistical mechanics, second law, Carnot's theorem, absolute thermodynamical temperature scale, entropy, Gibb's paradox, thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell's relations, application of thermodynamics to surface tension, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Claussius-Clapeyron equation, vapour pressure curve, third law of thermodynamics. Quantum Statistics; Quantum statistics of gas like assemblies, statistical mechanics of ideal gases, statistical mechanics of conduction electrons in a metal, Fermi energy, Fermi temperature, thermal capacity, energy, pressure, degenerated Fermi gas, white dwarf stars, statistical mechanics of equilibrium radiation, Planck's formula, Wein's law, Stephan's law, pressure exerted by equilibrium radiation, energy emitted by a black body, thermodynamics of black body radiation.

PHS 3112 - Data Acquisition and Signal Processing Methods (45 hours)

Elements of a computer controlled Data Acquisition system; Signals and Systems; continuous and discrete-time signals and their properties, Noise sources; spectral density and circuit calculations, pile-up effects, signal to noise ratio, Interference control and selectivity; passive and active filters, filter circuit design, ideal and non-ideal frequency selective filters, Sampling; reconstruction of signals, aliasing, discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals, Signal processing electronics; Discriminators, Comparators, Schmitt Trigger, Timing methods and systems; leading edge trigger, zero crossing trigger, constant fraction trigger, Signal conversion electronics; Digital to Analogue Converters, Voltage to Frequency Converters, Analogue to Digital Converters, Time to Amplitude Converters, Time to Digital Converters, Multichannel Analyzers, Basic computer system organization, Microprocessor architecture; machine language and assembly language representation, computer arithmetic, Memory devices; semiconductor ROMs and RAMs, ROM applications, Static and Dynamic RAMs and their operations, input/output, Interfacing devices to the IBM PC bus; essentials of serial and parallel interfacing, interfacing sensors, signal conditioning, Microcontrollers; microcontroller applications in the laboratory, Computer controlled electronics; CAMAC standard, FASTBUS, GPIB interfaces, examples of data acquisition systems.

PHS 3113 - Mathematical Methods (45 hours)

Scalar and vector fields; differential operators, vector integration, Green's theorem, Stokes theorem, potential theory, Gauses theorem, exact differentials, vector potentials, curvilinear co-ordinates, spherical polar and cylindrical polar co-ordinates, differential operators in curvilinear co-ordinates. Partial differential equations and Boundary conditions; elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic equations, Dirichlet, Neumann and Cauchy conditions. Method of separation of variables; Gamma and Beta functions. Problems Involving Spherical and Cylindrical Symmetry; solution of Laplace's Equation in spherical polar co-ordinates, Legendre polynomials, Potential problems, Solution of Laplace's equation in cylindrical polar co-ordinates, Bessel functions. Sturm-Liouville theory on othogonality functions. Vector spaces and Matrices: bases and co-ordinates of a vector space, scalar products, Linear operators, Matrix analysis, Change of bases, Similarity transformation, Eigen value problem, diagonalisation, Dirac notations, commutators, uncertainty principle, completeness relation, simultaneous eigen states, unitary transformation, Schrodinger and Heisenberg equation of motion. Finite dimensional linear spaces: Oscillations with 2 or 3 degrees of freedom, normal co-ordinates, oscillations with many degrees of freedom, harmonic oscillator, Hermite polynomials, simultaneous reduction of two quadratic forms. Variational Method: Euler-Lagrange equation, application, Hamiltonian Principle, variational problems with constraints, Rayleigh-Ritz method.

PHS 3114 - Instrumentation Physics (45 hours)

An introduction to instrumentation physics; Measurement of fundamental quantities; length, mass, time, charge, current, Sensors and transducers; temperature sensors, optical sensors, displacement sensors, flow sensors, strain gauges, electromagnetic induction transducers, Charge particle/ion sources; Ion/mass analyzers; magnetic ion deflector, quadrupole ion filter, time-of-flight technique, ion cyclotron resonance, Ion maneuvering techniques/devices; electrostatic lenses, electrostatic ion reflectors, time lag focussing technique, single ion selection techniques, Detectors; ionization chamber, proportional counter, Geiger-Müller counter, multi-wire proportional chamber, drift chamber, time projection chamber, types of scintillators and their properties, photo multipliers, light guides, practical aspects of scintillation detectors, semi-conductor detector characteristics, Si-diode detector, position sensitive detector, Ge-detector, important parameters in the operation of semi-conductor detectors, Faraday cup, electron micro channel plate, channeltron electron multiplier, Vacuum technology; physical properties of vacuum, flow of gas through vacuum systems, sources of gas within a vacuum system, vacuum pumps, high vacuum pumps, vacuum gauges, leak detection.

PHS 3115 - Interactive Programming (45 hours)

The aim of this course is to teach students to program in Visual Basic and Delphi in designing user friendly interfaces, communicating through serial and parallel ports, writing DLL’s for port access etc. which is essential in building virtual instruments for physics research. Self-learning is motivated by student-student interactions through individual and group assignments.

Evaluation: 40% for assignments and 60% for laboratory examination

PHS 3121 - Advanced Physics Laboratory I (180 hours)

Offered only to the Physics Special students. This course is focused on the methods of experimental Physics. Particular emphasis is placed on three aspects of experimentation: laboratory techniques, including both the execution and the documentation of an experiment; data analysis, including the treatment of statistical and systematic errors and computer-aided analysis of experimental data; and, written communication of experimental procedures and results. The concepts and skills of conducting experiments will be given gradually through a series of optical and electronics experiments. Statistical packages (eg. STATISTICA) will be used for the analysis of the experimental data.

Evaluation will be through continuous assessment.

PHS 3122 - Engineering Physics Laboratory I (180 hours)

Offered only to the Engineering Physics students. The objective of this course is to develop and enhance the student’s engineering application skills. This is done by training them to use virtual instruments building software such as LabView for system automation. The engineering and electronics skills are developed with a series of experiments designed with micro-computer training kits, and with a set of mini projects.

Evaluation will be through continuous assessment.

Third Year Course Units

(a) Core Course Units:

+ STS 3107 - Statistical Inference
+ STS 3108 - Regression Analysis
+ STS 3109 - Design and Analysis of Experiments
+ STS 3110 - Survey Methods and Sampling Theory
+ AM 3101 - Mathematical Methods III
+ STS 3120 - Case Studies

(b) Optional Course Units (3 Units to be selected):

o STS 3105 - Medical Statistics
o STS 3106 - Industrial Statistics
MG 3102 - Management
# CS 3121 - Systems analysis and Design
* PMS 3102 - Real Analysis
* PMS 3103 - Complex Analysis

+ - Compulsory
o - Statistical
# - Conducted by the Department of Computer Science
* - Mathematical (recommended for Theoretical Statistics students)
** - More Mathematical (recommended for Theoretical Statistics students)

Statistical Inference

Regression Analysis

Design And Analysis Of Experiments

Survey Methods And Sampling Theory

Case Studies (Practical Statistics)

Medical Statistics

Industrial Statistics

Management

Special Degree in Chemistry

Third Year Special (Chemistry)

The following courses are offered by the department of Chemistry for the Third year (Special).

CHS 3115 - Physical Organic Chemistry
CHS 3116 - Organic Chemistry
CHS 3117 - Analytical Chemistry
CHS 3118 - Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry
CHS 3119 - Physical Chemistry I
CHS 3121 - Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
CHS 3122 - Spectroscopy
CHS 3120 - Laboratory Course (double unit)

CHS 3115 - Physical Organic Chemistry

Correlation Analysis in Organic Chemistry (10 L): The Hammett equation : ionization of benzoic acid and phenyl acetic acid. Comparison of pKa values. Introduction of polar (inductive and field), resonance and steric effects by substituent on reaction rates. Introduction of substituent constant, s and reaction constant, r. Estimation and use of s and r values. Application of Hammett equation in estimating reaction rates. Free energy diagrams of reactions and Hammett equation as a Linear Free Energy Relationship (LEFR). Failure of Hammett equation : Application of Hammett equation to nucleophilic substitution of substituted Cumyl chloride and related reactions, ionization of substituted phenols and related reactions, modification of Hammett equation. Introduction to s + and s - values and estimation of them. Application of modified Hammett equation to aromatic electrophilic substitute and related reactions, Partial rate factors. Failure of modified Hammett equation : ionization of thio phenols and nucleophilic substitution of benzyl chloride. Separation of polar (inductive and field ) and resonance effects from direct (true) resonance. Introduction to dual parameter relationships, Yukawa - Tsuno equation and its applications. Introduction to steric effects, Separation of steric effects from other substituent effects. Introduction to Taft equation. Definition of ES and s* Steric effects in organic reactions with examples. Solvent effects : Introduction to solution - solvent interactions, classification of solvents : Polar and non polar solvents, protic and aprotic solvents; Hugles-Ingold theory of solvent effect, Effects of solvent on SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 and related reactions. LFER of solvents; solvent nucleophilicity Y and m values estimation and application, Effects of solvents on uv-vis absorption spectrum, empirical parameters on solvent polarity: Z and ET(30) values. Confirmation effects: Conformational effects in elimination reactions, Curtin Hammett principle Cramm's rule.

Isotope effects and Steroelectronic effects (5L): Primary and secondary isotope effects in elimination and substitution reactions, use of isotope effects in determining the reaction mechanism. Steroelectronic effects in substitution, elimination and addition reactions, neighboring group participation, Anchrimeric assistance, classical and non-chemical carbonium ions, Winstein and Brown explanations.

Reactive Intermediates (8L): Introduction, Free radicals: Characteristics of organic radical, Detection of free radicals by electron spin resonance and chemically induced dynamic polarization, Thermochemistry, Radical production : Thermal and photochemical homolysis, Radical termination, Chain reactions, Radical substitutions : Halogenation, autoxidation, Radical additions and eliminations, Aromatic substitutions, Rearrangements of radicals: Short range and long range rearrangements. Carbenes and Nitrenes: Introduction, Formation and structure of carbenes, Reactions of carbenes : Insertion and hydrogen abstraction, addition to alkenes, Formation of nitrenes, Reactions of nitrenes: Cycloaddition, insertion, 1,2 - shifts and dimerization. Carbanions : Introduction, Stability of carbanions, Formation and reactions of carbanions Rearrangements of carbanions

Pericyclic Reactions (8 L): Classification of reactions: electro-cyclic, sigma-tropic, cycloaddition and chemotropic reactions, molecular orbitals of conjugated polyenes and allyl systems, concept of HOMO and LUMO, Woodward-Hofman treatment of electrocycle systems, conrotation and disrotation, stereo-specificity, thermal and photochemical reactions. 1,3; 1,4; 1,5 sigma-tropic shifts, suprafacial and antrafacial rearrangements, cycloadditions of 2+4 (Diels-Alder), 2+2 systems, correlation diagrams for cycloadditions, 1,3-dipolar additions, Dewar-Huckel-Zimmerman aromatic transition state concept. Fuki frontier orbital approach.

Organic PhotoChemistry (10 L): Selection rules for electronic excitation. Singlets and triplets, Quantum yield, Hg lamps and other light sources, filters, fluorescence and phosphorescence. Photochemistry of carbonyl compounds: cleavage ( norrish type 1 ) intramolecular hydrogen abstraction with photo elimination (Norrish type 2 ) , intermolecular hydrogen abstraction to pinacols, H-abstraction with electron transfer, photochemical deconjugation, photochemical additions ato alkenes and alkynes with and without sensitiser, oxetanes by Buchi-Paterno reaction. Photoisomerization of C=C, N=N, C=N compounds, photostationary state, photochromism, photochemistry of aromatic compounds, benzyalene, fulvalene, Dewar benzene and prismane intermediates, Di-p -methane rearrangment, photoremovable protecting groups in organic synthesis, resins containing light sensitive chromophores, industrial photochemical synthsis.

CHS 3116 - Organic Chemistry

Heterocyclic Chemistry (9L): Nomenclature of Heterocyclic systems, Physical properties, Reactions and Synthesis of five membered heterocycles containing one and two hetero atoms(s) (N, S or O), six membered heterocycles containing one and two hetero atom(s) (N or O), benzoderivatives of 5 and 6 membered heterocycles, naturally occuring heterocyclic compounds : pyrrole pigments (haemin, chlorophyll), benzopyranones (chromones, coumarins, flavones), purines, anthocyanins

Organic Synthesis (22 L): Introduction of terms used in reterosynthetic analysis, reterosynthesis, disconnection, synthon, Key reaction, synthetic equivalent. C-C single bond disconnection, carbanion alkylation methods, kinetic vs thermodynamic alkylations. Disconnection at the carbonyl carbon, umpolung. Disconnection of simple alcohols, aryl ketones, and acetylinic alcohols. Two group disconnections: 1,3-dioxygenated skeletons and 1,5-dioxygenated pattens, Aldol and Michael addtions, and related reactions. 1,4-dioxgenated pattern: Cuprate additions, C-C Double bond disconnection: 1,2-elemination reactions and Wittig and Wittig–Horner reactions S and Se based olefin formation reactions, Ene–reactions and Birch reductions. Disconnection of two C-C single bonds – inverse cycloadditions; 3,4,5 and 6 membered ring compounds, Cyclopropanation, [2+2 photocycloaddition], [3+2 ] – allyl cation – olefin cycloaddtion, Diels – Alder cycloaddition. C—X (X =O , N) Disconnection and bond forming methods. Functional group transformation.: Oxidation, reductions, deoxygenation, 1,2-diol formation, Hydroboration methods. Chemoselectivity and Stereoselectivity of reagents. Protecting groups in synthesis. Linear vs. Convergent synthesis, one example each from natural products total synthesis.

Molecular Recognition (9L): Introduction to supramolecular chemistry: Recognition, information, complementarity. Spherical recognition in cryptate complexes, structural reconition by spherands, crytaspherands, cryptands, hemispherands, corands and podands. Molecular receptors for tetrahedral recognition: dinuclear and polynuclear metal-ion crytates, example for linear recognition. Supramolecular reactivity and catalysis by reactive cation and anion receptor molecules, cocatalysis. Transport processes and carrier design: Cation and anion transport, coupled transport processes, stereoselective transport. Introduction to exoreceptors: double helical metal complexes, deoxyribonucleohelicates. Introduction to polymolecular assemblies, Molecular switches (Catenanes and Retoxanes), supramolecular photochemistry, Molecular electronic devices (molecular wires. Micelles and dendrimers

CHS 3117 - Analytical Chemistry

Statistics and Sampling (5L): Definition of an error in a chemical analysis. Determination and identification errors, detection of determinate errors and accuracy , distribution of indeterminate errors, precision ; presentation of a result of a chemical analysis with confidence limits, rejection criteria.

Titrimetry and Conditional Constant, Thermal Methods (11 L):

Titrimetry and Conditional Constant: A critical review of acid-base reactions with respect to buffers and buffer capacity. Use of complex formations reaction in titrimetry, aminopolycarboxylic acids, for complexometric titration with special reference to EDTA. Formation constant and conditional formation constant, derivation of equations to calculate feasibility of EDTA titrimetry, masking, a- coefficients and selection of masking agents, conditions for selective EDTA titration with one metal ion in the presence of two other metal ions, applications of EDTA titrimetry, Effect of complex formation on the standard electrode potential e.g. . Calculation of redox equilibria in anions, effect of hydrogen ion on E0' formal potential .

Thermal Methods: Chemical principles in thermometric titrimetry (TT) and direct injection enthalpimetry (DIE), thermistor and the apparatus , some applications of TT and DIE catalymetric . Thermometric titrimetry, some applications of both TT and DIE in industrial, pharmaceutical and clinical analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), some pyrolysis curves, differential thermal analysis(DTA) and differntial scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Separation methods (24 L) :

Ion exchange: Ion exchange principle, type of ion exchange resins, properties of ion exchange resins, kinetics of ion exchange process, Donan equilibrium, affinities of ions to resins, applications.Solvent extraction: Principle of Solvent extraction, distribution coefficient and distribution ratio, single vs multiple extraction, extraction strategies, story curves, applications.

Chromatography: Principle of chromatographic separation, type of mobile and stationary phases, separation mechanisms, development of the mobile phase, retention parameters, chromatograms, sorption isotherms and shape of the signal, capacity factor, selectivity factor, factors affecting retention, normal and reversed phase separations, selection of columns and mobile phases, column efficiency, plate and rate theories, band broadening process, H vs U curves for GC and HPLC, Van Deemter equation, solvent and temperature programming to improve resolution, chromatographic detectors, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, instrumentation and maintenance of GC and HPLC, supercritical fluid chromatography.

CHS 3118 - Inorganic Chemistry

Advanced Coordination Chemistry (10L) : Cyrstal Field Theory, Jahn-Teller effect, Jahn-Teller effect and chelate compounds, Factors affecting the magnitude of 10 Dq, Evidence for Crystal field stabilization, Octahedral vs Tetrahedral coordination (OSSE): spinels, solutions of transition metal ions in molten salts. Classification of the types of electronic transitions, Energy levels in an atom : spin-orbit coupling (Russell-Saunders Coupling), derivation of term symbols for spectroscopic states, determination of the ground state terms: Hund's rules, Hole formalism, Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes : Selection rules, Orgel diagrams, Tanabe-Sugano diagrams. Magnetic properties: Definition of parameters, significance of the Curie Law, classification of the types of magnetic behavior: paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, Crystal Field interpretation of the origin of paramagnetism, quenching of orbitual moment, magnetic moment measurements in detecting the sterochemistry of compounds.

Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis (18 L): Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry: Classification of ligands, the 18-electron rule, counting of number of valence electrons (NVE), oxidation state, coordination number and geometry. Metal-ligand bonding: Introduction to important p-bonding ligands, molecular orbital picture of carbon monoxide, modes of bonding of carbon monoxide, IR spectroscopy of metal carbonyl complexes, isocyanide, dinitrogen, nitric oxide, phosphines, cone angle of phosphines, arseines, alkenes, Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model, metallacyclopropanes, alkynes and their bonding modes with metal complexes. Introduction to metal-ligand reactivity patterns: Oxidative addition, mechanisms involved in oxidative addition reactions (three-center addition, SN2, radical and ionic mechanism), reductive elimination, insertion reaction, factors affecting the rates of insertion, insertion of carbon monoxide and olefines, b- elimination.

Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms (12 L): Introduction; Kinetics and mechanisms, ligand substitution reactions, classification of substitution mechanism: stoichiometric mechanism, Intimate mechanism, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of complexes. Substitution reactions of octahedral metal complexes , Introduction: A, D and I mechanisms, leaving groups and chelate effects, effect of the metal, acid and base catalysis, stereochemistry of octahedral substitution reactions Substitution reactions of square - planar metal complexes; Introduction, Rate law, mechanism, trans effect, cis effect, leaving group effect, effect of the entering nucleophile, solvent effect . Strerochemical changes, isomerization, fluxional behaviour Oxidation - reduction reaction . Outer sphere mechanism: introduction, Frank-Condon principle, electron transfer precursor, electron transfer step, Marcus theory . Inner-sphere mechanism: Introduction, Bridging lignads, electran transfer through organic structural units

CHS 3119 - Physical Chemistry I

Photochemistry (10 L): The nature of photochemistry, The nature of light, Absorption, spontaneous emission and stimulated emission of radiation, Laser action and lasers; Solid state lasers and Dye lasers, examples and applications. Light absorption as a kinetic process, Weak light absorption approximation, Photochemistry of atoms and simple molecules, Electronic excitation, Selection rules for optical absorption, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Franck Condon principle, Photochemistry of aromatic molecules; Jablonski diagram, Photophysics; Radiative (fluorescence, phosphorescence, resonance fluorescence and delayed fluorescence) and non-Radiative (Intersystem crossing and internal conversion) processes, Collisional processes (quenching of singlet and triplet states) Quantum yield of emission processes; Steady state quenching-Stern-Volmer equation. Experimental methods; Classical experiments, Stationary state treatment, non-Stationary state treatment-time-resolved experiments, Flash Photolysis, Pulse radiolysis and kinetic spectroscopy. Light sources, Measurement of light intensity (monochromators, filters, interference filters and photomultiplier tubes), Life times in emission studies, Energy transfer, Energy pooling, Spin and energy requirements, Sensitized irradiation, Exciplexes and Excimers and Chemiluminescence.

Electrochemistry & Eelectroanalytical chemistry (12 L): Ion-solvent interactions, born model, lattice energy, dielectric constants, solvation. Ion transport, chemical potential gradient, diffusion. Transport number, ion mobility. Hiltrof method, moving boundary method, Ion-ion interactions, activity coefficients, standard states, electrophoretic and relaxation effect, critical discussion of Debye-Huckel theory, Poison Boltsman equation. Electroanalytiacl methods: coulometry, coulometric titration, electrogravimetry, polarography : dc-, ac-, pulse, differential pulse, stripping voltametry, amperometry, potentiometry, ion selective electrodes, potentiometric titration, conductometry, conductometric titration.

Instrumentation (8 L): Instrument component, sources, monochromators, detectors, Illustration with UV/Visible, IR and AA spectroscopic instrumentation. Function and design of photomultipliers, hallow cathod lamps. Optical components, instrumental errors, sources of 'noise' and ''noise' type.

Symmetry (10 L): Symmetry operations, elements, point groups, Matrix notation, Elementary group theory, Use of tables. Direct products, Represenatation: Method od redusyng representation. Bases for representations Analysis of vibrational spetra. Cartesian displacement coordinates, internal coordinates, Selection rules for IR and. Exclusion rule depolarization, fundamental vibrations, overtones, coombinatios. Fermi resobanc. Projection operators, Symmetrically equalent coordinates, Analysis of mol;ecules. Analysis of molecules with point groups up to Oh, Satreching motions, Molecular orbitasl calculations , Symmetry-adapted MO’s using projection operators, symmetru Symmery restrictuions on the suitasbity of AO’s for different bonding schmes. Liner combination of atomic orbitals. Huckel molecular orbital calculations, example from pi-electron theory, Transition metal complexes, multicenter bonding in boron compounds.

CHS 3121 - Physical And Theoretical Chemistry

Molecular Properties & Molecular Dynamics (11 L): The electric dipole, vector addition of dipole moments, induced dipole moment, the quantum mechanical expression for mean polarizability, polarization, relative permitivity, refractive index, optical activity Charge-charge interactions, charge- dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions, induced dipole-induced dipole interactions, total attractive interactions, effect of rotation, Axilrod-Teller formula, Mie potential, Lennard-Jones potential, hydrogen bonding interactions, multipoles. The need to find a minimum energy structure of a molecule, the steepest descent method for energy minimization, the conjugate gradient method for energy minimization, the need for simulating molecular motion, introduction to molecular dynamics, the potential energy functions, basic steps in a molecular dynamics simulation, Montecarlo simulation . Using computers for simulating molecular dynamics, application of periodic boundary conditions, computer code for periodic boundary condition, Verlet algorithm, Predictor-corrector algorithm, Leap-frog algorithem, setting up molecular dynamics simulation, evaluation of results of a molecular dynamics simulation, modeling liquids and solvation. Examples of molecular dynamic simulations.

Quantum Mechanics & Computational methods (18 L): Exactly solvable problems, Simple harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor, H-atom, electronic spin, atomic units. Approximate methods,Variation principle, linear variation theory, perturbation theory (time independent non degenerate) Many electron systems,Independent particle model, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, antisymmetry of the wave function (Pauli exclusion principle), spin and spatial orbitals, Hartree products, Slater determinant, configuration interaction, Hartree-Fock approximation (central field) Coulomb and exchange integrals, derivation of Hartree-Fock equations, functional variation and minimization of energy of a single Slater determinant, restricted closed shell Hartree fock equations, Interpretation of solutions of Hartree-Fock equations: Orbital energies, Koopamann theorem, Brillouins theorem. Introduction of a basis: Roothaan equations, orthogonalization of the basis, the self consistency procedure. Computational chemistry software: Semi empirical and ab-nitio calculations. Available basis sets (minimal 1s STO-3G, double zeta, 4-31-G, polarized basis sets 6-31G*, 6-31G** etc.) and methods. Example calculations using software.

Statistical Thermodynamics (11 L): Statistical states, complexions, axiom of equal probability of complexions, distribution of molecules or atoms in energy states, degeneracy, occupation numbers, independent identical indistinguishable particles, canonical ensemble, Sterlings approximation, Boltzmann distribution, Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers, Molecular partition function and interpretation, factorizability, translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic and nuclear partition functions, derivation of thermodynamic properties from partition function, equilibrium constant, fluctuations and heat capacity. Other ensembles: microcanonoical and grand canonical ensembles. Grand canonical partition function, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics.

CHS 3122 - Spectroscopy

NMR Spectroscopy (12 L): Pulsed FT NMR and high resolution NMR- spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, Coupling constants and mechanism of coupling, NOE and applications in structure elucidation, Chemical equivalence and magnetic equivalence, second order spectra, simulation of spectra, Homotropic, enanatitropic and diastereotopic systems, shift reagents and chiral resolving agents, protons on heteroatoms, The DEPT experiment and the APT experiment. Introduction to 2D NMR COSY, HETCOR, HMQC, HQBC specra, Use of NMR in elucidation biosynthesis pathways.

Mass Spectroscopy (2 L): Advanced ionization techniques (CI, FAB, MALDI and electrospray) spectra. Mass analyzers (quadruple, time of flight)

AAS, AES and ICP (10 L): Atomic absorption, emission and fluorescence; atomization process - Nebulization, flames, furnaces and inductively coupled plasma. Effect of temperature - boltzman distribution on atom generation. Instrumentation for absorption and emission . Source of radiation - hallow cathode lamp, electrode discharge lamp, etc. Atomizer, Detectors, Background correction and Interfences : spectral, physical and chemical sensitivities and detection limits.

ESR, NQR and Mossbauer (8L) : Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR): Introduction: Principles and instrumentation, Nuclear hyperfine splitting: hydrogen atom, presentation of the spectrum, isotropic systems with more than one nucleus. Anisotropic systems: anisotropy in g value and hyperfine coupling, ESR of triplet state; line widths, applications, ESR of transition metal ion complexes: introduction, Kramer's rules, hyperfine couplings and zero field splittings. ESR spectra of some transition metal ion complexes and metal clusters. Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy (NQR): Introduction: energies of quadrupole transitions, effect of magnetic field, Relationship between electric field gradient and molecular structure, applications. Mösebauer Spectroscopy (MS): Introduction: Doppler effect, Instrumentation, presentation of spectra, isomer shift, quadrupole interaction, magnetic effects, applications.

Vibration and Rotation Spectroscopy (8 L) : Microwave spectroscopy of linear polyatomic molecules, Effect of nuclear spin on rotational spectra, Nuclear spin statistical weights. Introduction to microwave spectra of symmetric top, spherical top, asymmetric top and molecules. Vibrational-Rotational spectroscopy of linear triatomic / diatomic molecules, anharmonic oscillator model, origin of overtones, combination and hot bands. P, Q, R branches, selection rules. Calculation of bond lengths and effect of isotope substitution of dioatomic molecules, comparision of dissociation energies. Raman Spectroscopy: Pure rotational raman spectra. Pure vibrational raman spectra.

CHS 3120 - Laboratory Course (double unit)

Organic Chemistry Practical Component: Single step synthesis (to include oxidation and reduction reactions). Photochemical synthesis, Grignard synthesis. Purification techniques : recrystalisation, distillation, sublimation.Chromatographic Techniques : Thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, column chromatography, Gas Chromatography, GS/MS, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extraction of Natural Products (to include techniques such as steam distillation soxhlet extraction). Spectroscopic techniques : Ultraviolet, Infra-red, and n.m.r spectroscopy. Identification of Organic Compounds from spectra.

Inorganic/Analytical Chemistry Component: Use of different indicators in acid-base, redox and complexometric titrations. Interpretation with titration curves. Optimization of conditions for colorimetry. Solvent extraction and extractive titrations. The extension of solvent extraction and colorimetry to determine stoichometry and stability constant of extractible metal complexes. Use of atomic absorption spectorscopy to obtain elution curves in ion-, exchange chromatography. Preparations of complexes of cobalt iron, copper etc. and analysis to determine (i) empirical formulae (ii) nature of metal - ligand bonding by IR and UV/Visible spectroscopy. (iii)structural formulae. Application of analytical methods to determine to determine composition of apatite, dolomite, vitamins etc. Non-aqueous titrations, photometric end-point detection as applied to complexometry etc. Students are expected to relate thermodynamic properties especially free-energy changes to all analytical techniques. They are expected to sketch titration curve and select suitable indicators. In all laboratory courses the correlation with theory is stressed.

Physical Chemistry Component: Experiments on reaction kinetics using different techniques: measurement of order, salt content; temperature and salt effect. Excited state kinetics: Stern-Volmer plots and measurement of quenching rate constants. Electrochemistry : Use of different electrode calomel, platinum, Ag/Agcl and Quinhydrous. Experiments with potentiometer, coulometer, conductivity meter, polarograph, cyclic voltameter. Phase equillibria : Experiments with binary and tertiary mixtures. Surface chemistry : Analysis of photoelectron spectra Quantum chemistry : Application of linear variation theory/perturbation theory to a simple system using computers. Molecular Modelling.

Third Year Special (Pharmacy)

The following courses are offered by the department of Chemistry for the Third year (Special).

CHPS 3101 - Anatomy and Physiology
CHPS 3102 - Biochemistry
CHPS 3103 - Pharmaceutics
CHPS 3104 - Pharmaceutical Chemistry
CHPS 3105 - Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy
CHPS 3106 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology
CHPS 3107 - Pharmacology
CHPS 3120 - Laboratory Course (double unit)

CHPS 3101 - Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy: Aims & Objectives : Candidates should be able to (i) Use correct Anatomical terminology (ii) Draw reasonably detailed diagrams of structures (iii) Define each organ, provide a general outline of each with regard to the shape, size, surfaces. In addition the student should be able to describe the relations, blood and nerve supply, venous and lymph drainage of each organ. (iv) Describe the origin, course, termination, relations and branches of principal vessels and nerves of the body (v) Understand and describe various body planes, body cavities and body systems. Cell and Tissues : Typical human cell : Structure and basic functions of each component; Basic Embryology and Genetics, Tissue : Structure and basic functions of Epithelial tissue/glands, Connective tissue including bone and cartilage, Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue ; Matrix substances: Extracellular fluid, Lymph, Plasma, Cerebrospinal fluid ; Blood : Composition and functions. Cardiovascular System: The Heart : Positions and relations within the thorax, structure: walls and chambers, valves, coronary vessels, conducting system; Function : action as a double pump, heart sounds; Common congenital abnormalities of the heart & great vessels; Blood vessels : Structure, classification and function of blood vessels : arteries, veins, capillaries; Pulmonary circulation; Systemic circulation : Aorta and its major branches, Vena cavae and their tributaries, Arterial supply and venous drainage of regions : upper & lower limbs, head and neck, brain, portal circulation, venous sinuses. Respiratory System: Structure and basic functions of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx; Trachea and main bronchi : structure, extent, important relations ; Lungs & pleura : structure and basic functions, arterial supply and venous drainage; Lung cavities. Gastrointestinal System: Alimentary tract : Basic structure of the Mouth : including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Pharynx-basic structure, relations and function, Oesophagus : structure, course and relations blood supply, lymphatic drainage, basic function, Stomach : structure, relations, blood & nerve supply and lymphatic drainage, basic function, Small & large intestine : structure, relations, blood supply and basic functions ; Liver : Structure (macroscopic & microscopic) relations, blood supply, venous drainage and basic functions; Biliary tract : Structure and basic function of the gall bladder, Intra & extra hepatic bile ducts; Pancreas: Structure (macroscopic & microscopic) relations, blood supply and basic function. Lymph and Reticulo-Endothelial System: Basic arrangement of the lymphatic system in the human body and its circulation, Formation and function of lymph, Structure and functions of lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus and lymphoid aggregates, Reticuloendothelial cells associated with liver, bone marrow and lungs. Locomotor System: Bones : basic structure, function & arrangements in the upper limb, thoracic cage, pelvis, lower limb, skull and vertebral column; Joints : types of joints, their basic structure, movements & functions; Muscles : basic structure of muscle, basic outline of groups of muscles and their common functions, role of bursae. Nervous System: Central nervous system : basic structure of brain and spinal cord meninges, blood supply ; Peripheral nervous system : cranial nerves, spinal nerves; Autonomic nervous system : basic structure and outline of function. Special Senses: Eye : basic structure; Ear : basic structure; Other senses and their organs : taste and smell; General senses : touch/pressure/pain/temperature & their receptors. Urinary System: Kidneys and urethra : basic structure & function including the structure of the nephron, important relations, arterial supply, venous drainage; Bladder and urethra : basic structure, function and important relations. Reproductive System: Male genital system : basic structure and function of Testis, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Spermatozoa & Inguinal canal; Female genital system and breast-basic structure and function of Ovary, Fallopian tube, Uterus, Vagina and glands, Anatomy of the perineum including important relations; Placenta : basis of formation, structure and important functions. Endocrine System: Basic structure and functions of Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Testis/Ovary, Placenta, Thymus, Pineal body, Stomach, Intestinal lining. Integumentary System: Basic structure and function of Skin and its appendages. Practicals : Gross Anatomy, Two hours of practicals in each of the following regions, which will consist of tutor assisted learning sessions using prosected cadaver specimens. Thorax, Abdomen & Pelvis, Head & Neck, Upper & lower limbs. These practical sessions will be augmented by other teaching materials: Anatomy Resource Centre, Mounted prosected specimens with descriptions, Models, Radiographs, Computer Assisted Learning. Microscopic Anatomy: One hour of practicals in each of the following systems, which will consist of tutor assisted learning sessions using fixed tissue specimens. Cardiovascular & Respiratory systems, Nervous & endocrine system, Gastrointestinal system, Genito-urinary system, Locomotor system & skin, Revision practical session of 2 hours.

Physiology: Homeostasis and body fluids; Receptors and ion channels; Pathophysiology of anaemia, jaundice and bleeding disorders; Autonomic nervous system; Electrical and mechanical properties of the heart, blood pressure, regulatory mechanisms in the cardiovascular system, Pathophysiology of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and heart failure; Mechanics of ventilation, gas exchange and transport, regulation of respiration Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive airways disease; Role of the kidney in regulating ECF volume and composition; Hydrion balance in health; Pathophysiology of selected common disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance; Pathophysiology of selected common endocrine disorders (includes Ca++ and glucose homeostasis; Regulation of gastrointestinal secretions and motility and pathophysiology of selected common disorders; Regulation of the male (adult) and female(adult) reproductive system; Central nervous system, sensory and motor, physiology of pain, pathophysiology of selected common disorders of the central nervous system. Practicals : Practical Demonstrations on Blood: Haemoglobin estimation, Packed Cell Volume, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, White Blood Cell Count and Differential Count, Peripheral Blood film, Osmotic fragility, Blood grouping, Bleeding time, Clotting time and Prothrombin time and anticoagulants. Urine: Urine specific gravity and osmolality, Urine deposit; Respiratory functions: Vitallography and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Cardiovascular system: Electrocardiography.

CHPS 3102 - Biochemistry

Aim : The aim of this course is to provide students with an understanding of biochemistry and of biochemical concepts as a base for later work in other subjects within the Pharmaceutical sciences. Biosynthesis : Overview of primary and secondary metabolism, Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways, General reactions and carbon-carbon bond formation in biosynthesis, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes, Biosynthesis of polyketides, Biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids, Shikimic acid pathway (biosynthesis of phenols, lignans, flavonoids), Biosynthesis of alkaloids. Bioenergetics and Metabolic Pathways : Laws of Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics: Entropy, free energy and equilibrium constants in cellular processes, the role of ATP and other phosphorylated compounds and thioesters in cellular processes, Biological Oxidation and Reductions: Biological work from flow of electrons, half reactions and reduction potential of biological-reduction reactions, standard reduction potential and free energy, NADH and NADPH as soluble electron carriers, flavin nucleotides, universal electron carriers, Glycolysis: Additional Patways in Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycogen metabolism, Gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, The Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation, Fatty acid Oxidation, Amino Acid Synthesis and catabolism, Clinical Aspects of Carbohydrate, Lipid and Nitrogen Metabolism. Enzymes and Coenzymes : Three dimensional structure of Proteins, Thermodynamic stability of proteins, denaturation and renaturation, Structure and function of collagen, a fibrous protein, Structure and function of myoglobin and haemoglobin, globular proteins, Antibodies, Enzymes: Enzymes as biological catalysts, Classes of enzymes and reactions they catalyse, Cofactors, Structure of active site and mechanism of action of enzymes. Biochemistry of vitamins, minerals and micronutrients. Practicals : pH and Buffers; Determination of isoelectric point of glycine by pH titration; Determination of quinine in urine by fluorimetric methods; Tests for carbohydrates; Colour reactions of amino acids and proteins; Extractions of a lipid followed by saponification (Analysis by 1H and 13C nmr spectroscopy); Iodine value of a lipid , Saponification value of a fat; Extraction of cholesterol from egg yolk (Analysis by GC/MS and quantitative determination by Spectrophotometry); Extraction of Casein from milk and determination of amino acid composition by paper, chromatography; Separation procedures for proteins (Separation based on solubility, pH, ionic strength, organic solvents, addition of cations and anions, denaturation of proteins); Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography, Electrophoresis, Dialysis and Gel filtration, Ion exchange chromatography; Action and Inhibition of enzymes; Blood glucose estimation; Test for abnormal constituents of urine.

CHPS 3103 - Pharmaceutics

Aim: The students should obtain knowledge about the formulation principles of the various dosage forms, master the basic techniques used in the preparation of the dosage forms and be familiar with the control systems valid for the production of drugs. Drug products: Their role in treatment of disease, their quality and current systems as drug delivery systems, drug in prevention of diseases. Introduction to dosage forms: Classification of dosage forms, concept of formulation, routes of administration, introduction to pharmacopoeias and other formularities, historical background and development of dosage forms. Good manufacturing practice (GMP) and Good laboratory practice (GLP) : Quality assurance, quality control, purity and identification of active ingredients and excepients, pharmaceutical references and standards. Design of dosage forms : Biopharmaceutics considerations, general principles of drug absorption, routes of drug administration; general consideration-preformulation and formulation of dosage forms, pharmaceutical ingredients, drug product stability, importance of drug solubility in formulation, bulk characterization of drug substances. Quality of water : Detailed study from the view point of water as universal pharmaceutical vehicle. Solutions :Solubility, problems associated with prediction of solubility, methods of increasing solubility; cosolvents, complexation, salts, surfactants. Interfacial phenomena : Definitions and examples of different interfaces and surfaces; surface and interfacial tension and their measurement; surface free energy; contact angles and their uses; definition and theory of adsorption equation, factors affecting adsorption isotherms; pharmaceutical applications of adsorption phenomena; surface films, film balance studies and their uses in Pharmacy. Rheology : Introduction : solids, liquids, semi-solids, colloid molecular weight; equipment for viscosity measurement; non-newtonian systems; viscoelastic properties.

Pharmaceutical Technology : Unit operations; Heat and mass transfer; industrial water purification, monitoring its chemical and microbial quality; production plant design; evaporation systems, factors affecting evaporation; equipment used; distillation: miscible and immiscible binary systems, simple and fractional, flash and molecular distillations, azeotropic mixtures; Drying and definitions, humidity measurement. Importance of humidity control, factors affecting choice of drying equipment, batch and continuous driers; Filtration: clarification and cake filtration depth and membrane filters, ultra filtration and reverse osmosis, filtration equipment; Mixing: objective, mechanisms, equipment used for solid-solid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid mixing, measuring degree of mixing; Comminution: mechanisms of particle size reduction, grinding equipment, classification of particle size determination. Micrometrics: Particle size analysis using microscopy, sieving, sedimentation techniques, Coulter Counter, surface area measurement techniques and laser light scattering techniques; methods of presentation & interpretation of particle size analysis; properties of powders including bulk density, porosity, cohesion, flowability, angular characteristics such as angles of response and friction, and measurement methods, factors affecting flow properties of powders such as glidants and the behaviour of powders in the fluidised state.

Delivery systems: Liquid medication Non-sterile monophasic systems : solutions, factors affecting rate of solution, preformulation, formulation development vehicles and excipients; manufacturing process and equipment , packaging and quality control standards (including controls on raw materials, in-process controls and finished product control) of syrups, elixirs, linctuses, ENT preparations, paints, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic liquids. Disperse systems : Colloidal systems, kinetic, optical, electrical properties of solid-liquid dispersions, electrical and steric stabilization of solid-liquid dispersions, free energy considerations, thermodynamic vs kinetic stability, classification of disperse systems. Suspensions : Physicochemical principles, wetting, sedimentation, flocculated and deflocculated systems, structured vehicles , particle size charges and caking in suspensions, importance of changes in solubility because of change in particle size, polymorphic form, temperature, stabilization of pharmaceutical suspension formulations; Formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions, (oral & topical),suspending agents , gums, cellulosics, clays and polymers, wetting agents, dispersants, deflocculating agents and flocculating agents, preformulation data, formulation development, manufacturing and packaging and equipment employed, Rheology of suspensions, Evaluation of suspensions , quality control standards. Emulsions : Physicochemical principles , theory of emulsification , creaming, coalescence, cracking, destabilization kinetics , role of viscosity, energy barriers to coalescence , film barriers , multiple emulsions , liquid crystalline phase concept, steric stabilization., emulsifiers and choice of emulsifier , HLB value and phase inversion temperature; Emulsification equipment , mechanical stirrers, homogenizers , colloid mill , foaming and air removal , evaluation of emissions , stress testing , packaging of emulsions; Introduction to pharamaceutical packaging materials with special reference to liquid packaging. Solid dosage forms : Non-sterile solid dosage forms (including packaging, compaction and compression) and appraisal ; introduction, purity and identification of active ingredients, content uniformity, physical and chemical stability, safety and efficacy considerations, quality control, manufacture's reliability, manufacturer's drug information profile. Tablets : Advances in granulation technology and equipment, fluidization and fluidization equipment, pneumatic conveying, characterization of granulations, physics of tablet compression, tablet machines, single punch, rotary, double rotary, machines , rotary press, preformulation, formulation and design, compressed tablets, compression coated and layered tablets, effervescent tablets, sublingual and buccal tablets, chewable tablets, vaginal tablets, packaging of tablets, foils and materials, blister and strip packaging, cross-contamination, product mix-up, product identification and relevant GMP, quality control standards, problems in tabletting, excipient interaction, in vitro disintegration and dissolution tests and requirements; Coating of tablets : types (including sugar, film and enteric), materials used and processes employed for each one of them , coating equipment including different types of coating pans, fluid bed coating, evaluation of coated tablets, packaging of coated tablets; Ayurvedic pills: definition, difference between pills and tablets, pill excipients, processing and manufacturing , pill coating and packaging , quality control standards. Capsules : Introduction and classification , hard gelatin capsules, shell manufacturing, factors influencing (type of gelatin, impurities, plasticizers, environmental controls) evaluation of hard gelatin capsule filling equipment , processing , inprocess controls, evaluation of finished capsules and official standards, advantages and disadvantages of capsules: Soft gelatin capsules, components and control theron shell properties, filling equipment, processing, environmental controls, evaluation and official standards. Microencapsulation : Definition, applications, methods of microencapsulation, coacervation, phase separation, pan coating, air suspension coating, solvent evaporation, multiorifice , centrifugal spray drying and spray congealing and other processes, advances in microencapsulation technology, quality control standards and evaluation on microcapsules. Semisolid Dosage Forms : Classification, Dermatologicals and transdermal preparations, penetration and absorption of drugs, ointments, ointment basis and their selection, properties of the drug and the base governing drug release from ointments, formulation factors, manufacturing processes and equipment, packaging and evaluation, quality control standards. Creams: definition advantages and disadvantages, types ingredients and components, processing environmental controls, in – process and finished product controls, stability of creams and stability evaluation; Gels and Jellies : Definition, natural and synthetic gelling materials, rheological properties of gels and jellies, types of gels, properties of the drug influencing the availability, formulation factors and components, packaging, stability and stability evaluation, quality control standards.

Practicals
Different methods for particle size analysis: Microscopy, Sieve analysis, Coulter counter, Sedimentation methods, etc.; Powder properties: Cohesion, Tensile strength, Densities and flow properties; Validation of some unit processes; Preparation and evaluation of emulsions, creams & ointments; Preparation and evaluation of solutions, aromatic waters, simple syrups and elixirs; Industrial visits; Preparation of granules for tabletting; Capsule filling blends; Accelerated stability testing; Leak test for strips, blisters and ointment tubes.

CHPS 3104 - Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Aims & Objectives : The aim of the subject is to cover the chemistry of current therapeutic agents. The students should acquire knowledge in chemistry of drugs with special reference to their pharmaceutical and medicinal usage. The relationship of chemical structure and therapeutic properties is treated using specific drug families of essential drugs. Antiseptics and Disinfectants : Alcohols, substituted phenols, P-hydroxy benzoic acid esters, Nitrofurantoin derivatives, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, calcium hypochloride, iodine. Anti-infective agents : The concept of chemotherapy, the structure, function and mode of action of the antibiotics, sulphanamides, antitubercular, antimalarial, antifungal and other protozoal agents. Chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents : General introduction. Sulphanamides : Sulphanilamide, sulphapyridine, sulphathiazole, sulphadiazine, sulphaguanidine, sulphapyrinidine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimidine and related drugs. Antimalarials : Life cycle of parasite, drugs acting on different stages: quinine, mefloquine, chloroquine, hydroxy chloroquine, primaquine, proguanil, plasmaquine, mepacrine, lignocaine, new autimalarials. Antibiotics : Pencillins and semisynthetic penicillins and Cephalosporins, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and derivatives, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Lavulanic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Doxycycline. Antiamoebics : General aspects of infection, life cycle of parasite, Metronidazole. Antitrypanosomiacs : Piperzine, Diethylcarbamazine, Mebendazole, Pyrantal pamoate. Antifungal : Antibiotics like Griseofulvin, amphotericin, benzoic acid + salicylic acid (topical), flucytosine, cotrimazole. Antitubercular and Antileprotic Drugs : Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Streptomycin. Antivirals including drugs acting on HIV : Methisazone, Nucleosides, Acyclovir. Antineoplastics : Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Vinblastine, Cyclophosphamide, Tamoxifen, Dexamethasone. Newer Antibacterial agents : Quinolone carboxylic acids such as ciprofloxacin, temaflozacin. Hypoglycemics : Insulin and various sulfonyl areas: tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, glypizide. Diuretics : Amiloride, Hydrochlorothiazide, Frusemide. Local anesthetics : Cocaine, Benzocaine, Procaine, Tetracaine, Lidocaine, Lignocaine. Purgatives and Cathartics : Bisacodyl, Castor oil. Antiepileptics : Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Valproic acid. Gastrointestinal drugs : Aluminium hydroxide, cimetidine, magnesium hydroxide. Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances : Oral rehydration salts, Glucose, Glucose with Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Sodium hydrogen carbonate. Inorganic pharmaceuticals : Aluminium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Iodine, Calcium, Mercury, Silver, Gold, Lithium, Cobalt, Chlorine, Fluorine, Titanium.

Practicals : Preparation of Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. Phenothiazine, Fischer Indole Synthesis.; Perkin reaction : Preparation of cinnamic acid; Claisen Condensation: Preparation of Aceto acetic ester; Preparation of Anthranilic acid from phthalic Anhydride; Preparation of ortho Chloro Benzoic Acid from Anthranilic acid; Benzilic acid rearrangement; Preparation of Acetanilide from Acetophenone; Meerwein-Ponndorf – Verley reduction: Benzhydrol from Benzophenone; Oppenauer Oxidation; Demonstration: Friedel Craft reaction., Steam distillation: separation of ortho and para nitro phenols; Synthesis of Salfanilamide, Saccharin, Chloramine T, Benzocaine, Phenetosin, Paracetamol from nitro benzene; Reimer – Tiemann reaction on Naphthol; Reaction involving the following operation: Oxidation: Preparation of Nicotinic acid, Esterification: Preparation of Benorylate, Cyclization eg. Benzimidazole.

CHPS 3105 - Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy

Aim : The student should be familiar with the current chemical methods utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.

Physical methods of analysis : Colour, odour, taste, texture, external impurities, bulk density, sieve analysis data, microscopic analysis, melting point determination, boiling point determination, particle size measurement, solubility, refractometry, optical activity, viscosity.

Quantitative analysis and the limitations of the tests : Tests and their limits for Chloride, Sulphate, Arsenic, Lead, Iron, Nitrate, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals; Tests and their limits for Insoluble matter, Soluble matter, Non-volatile matter, Volatile matter, Residue on ignition , Ash value; Titrimetry : Redox titrimetry and formal potential (E0), EDTA titrimetry and conditional constants, Titration in non-aqueous solvents: Feasibility of the titration of very weak bases in an acidic solvent such as anhydrous acetic acid, Feasibility of the titration of a very weak acid in a basic solvent such as pyridine. Analytical Instrumentation : Instrumental components, monochromators, detectors, instrumental errors and calibration of equipment. Absorption Spectroscopy : Beer's law and deviations from Beer's law. Possible interferences in the following techniques and ways to eliminate. The limitation of each technique. Photometry (Colorimetry), UV/Visible spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, FTIR, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. High temperature emission and Luminescence : Flame emission method (flame photometry) and Fluorimetry and spectrophotofluorimetry. Electro-analytical methods : Applications of conductimetry, potentiometry, polarography, electrogravimetry, coulometry, anodic stripping voltametry for the determination of pharmaceuticals. Separational methods : Solvent extraction and ion-exchange, amino acids analyser, Chromatography, Electrophoresis. Some special methods used in official pharmaceutical analysis : (i)Vitamins : Water-soluble vitamins, individually and in mixtures, oil-soluble vitamins (ii) Protein and amino acids. Nuclear pharmacy : Disintergration of unstable nuclei, radioactive decay, radiopharmaceuticals, design, stability, production, standardisation and handling of radiopharmaceuticals, clinical application of radiopharmaceuticals, important radio nuclei generators, radiation protection in radiopharmacy, diagnostic use of radio isotopes, use of gamma camera. Quality control of pharmaceuticals : Application of methods for quality control of pharmaceuticals. Raw material analysis (RM) : Packaging material testing (PMT), Packaging material testing, permeability of plastics, testing of foil, bottles, carton, shipment

Practicals : Laboratory work involves the qualitative and quantitative analysis of excipients, drugs and drug formulations. This includes all major methods used in pharmaceutical analysis e.g. IR, UV, TLC, GLC, HPLC, polarimetry, titrimetry, ion chromatography, fluorescence, viscosity, derivative spectrometry, gravimetry, atomic absorption/emission, PH/conductivity, potentiometry, chemical kinetics, kinetic methods of quantitation, development of pharmaceutical quality specifications, Nitrogen determination by Kjeldhal’s method, moisture determination by Karl Fisher, refractive index, friability, disintegration, dissolution, solvent extraction.

CHPS 3106 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Aim : Microbiological control methods, sterilization and preservation techniques use in pharmaceutical manufacturing; and aseptic preparation of ophthalmic solutions and injectables will be studied in detail. The nature (growth, reproduction and survival) of microorganisms and their role in causing diseases and spoilage of pharmaceuticals; Hazards associated with microbial contamination of pharmaceuticals; where they occur and how they might gain access to a pharmaceutical product; The chemical agents used to control microorganisms in pharmaceuticals: sterilants, disinfectants, antiseptics, preservatives, therapeutic agents and their use and assay; The physical agents used to control microorganisms in pharmaceuticals: moist heat, dry heat radiation, filtration; Microbiological control methods used in manufacture of pharmaceuticals: Preservation, Sterilization procedures, Sterile manufacturing, Design and operation of clean rooms; Resistance of microorganisms to chemical and physical antimicrobial agents; Pharmaceutical application of microbiological techniques: Measurement of antimicrobial activity, Counting & identification of micro-organisms in a pharmaceutical product, Sterility and pyrogen testing to test the preservative efficacy, Challenge tests: to test the preservative efficacy; Microbiological quality assurance: Limits and Standards: official & unofficial, Methods used to control microbial contamination of products: Control of raw materials, Formulation aspects, Good manufacturing practice (GMP), Evaluation of a microbial quality of a pharmaceutical product; Endotoxins, exotoxins, vaccines, sera and other immunological products; Microbiologically generated pharmaceuticals: vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, alcohol, insulin.

Practicals: The student masters technical skills in following areas: Sterilisation procedures, Aseptic handling of pharmaceutical products, Aseptic preparation of an eye drop, Microbiological assays: procedure, statistical analysis & evaluation of test results, Methods for assessment of microbiological quality assurance: Microbial limit test, preservative efficacy test, sterility test, pyrogen test, air sampling methods, phenol coefficient of disinfectants.

CHPS 3107 - Pharmacology

Aim : The student should obtain a basis in pharmacology, sufficient to understand how drugs act (pharmacodynamics) and what happens to them in the body (pharmacokinetics) Introduction to the course, explanation of terms (eg. Pharmacology, pharmacy, drug), headings under which drugs are studied and explanation of such headings (eg. therapeutic group, indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, etc), nomenclature of drugs, dosage forms, routes of drug administration, pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of drugs), plasma elimination half life, clearance, steady state, first pass metabolism, zero and first order kinetics, therapeutic window, pharmacodynamics, receptors, channel and molecular aspects of drug action, agonists (stimulants) and antagonists (blockers), competition, drug development, clinical trials, placebo, efficacy, safety, post-marketing surveillance. Concepts of health and disease, definition and detection of disease, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease, therapeutic options, pharmacotherapy. Microbial pathology and chemotherapy, principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy, classes of antimicrobials, antibiotics, antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis, antimicrobials in combination, antiviral and antifungal drugs, antiprotozoals including antimalarials, anthelmintics. Principles of neuromuscular and neurohumoral transmission, synthesis and inactivation of acetylcholine and noradrenaline, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, their stimulants and blockers, anticholoneesterases, anticholinergic drugs, organophosphate insecticide poisoning and its management, adrenergic receptors, selectivity and adrenoceptor stimulants and blockers, ganglion blockers.

Practicals : It is planned to demonstrate the following: (i) Injection technique; setting up an intravenous infusion; insulin syringe, vials and measuring insulin; measuring blood pressure, use of inhalers and nebuliser; different dosage forms (eg. Calandar packs etc.) (ii) Communicating information on drugs and poisons, reporting adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Giving advice to practitioners and patients on the above. Doing a 'medline' search (iii) Critique of clinical trial (basic aspects) and a research paper; assessing documents sent for registration of drugs; reading, understanding and communicating information to practitioners and patients from patient information leaflets and drug information leaflets ("drug literature") (iv) Impart communication skills (especially on communication with practitioners and patients) (v) Follow a ward round to get an idea about how decisions are made about drugs, how drugs are administered to patient in wards (introduction only).

CHPS 3120 - Laboratory Course (double unit)

Practical components of Anatomy & Physiology (CHPS - 3101), Biochemistry (CHPS -3102), Pharmaceutics (CHPS - 3103), Pharmaceutical chemistry (CHPS - 3104), Pharmaceutical Analysis & Nuclear Pharmacy (CHPS - 3105), Pharmaceutical Microbiology (CHPS - 3106) and Pharmacology (CHPS - 3107) are included. Total of about 400 hours are available for the practical courses.

ZLS 3101 - Advanced Human and Mammalian Biology

Candidates are required to follow the unit Human and Mammalian Biology (ZL 3101) as a pre-requisite.

Theory:

The base work for this course includes the syllabuses outlined for ZL 3101. The course itself requires, in addition, directed reading by students in the area of mammalian behaviour, mammalian physiology, mammalian origins and evolution, origin and evolution of man and special aspects of the bilogy of selected groups including marsupials, chiroptera, cetacea, carnivora, primates and probascidea. Areas of emphasis are liable to change from time to time.

Practical:

Base practical will include practical assignments under ZL 3101. In addition, a detail comparative study of mammalian skeletal anatomy is required. Students are required also to make detailed anatomical studies of all mammalian systems supported by dissections.

ZLS 3102 - Aquaculture

Theory :

Biological background to culture: Culture methods; Pond construction, siting, treatment, increasing natural production; Food and feeding; Biology and culture of culturable species; mullet, milkfish, tilapia, chinese carps, indian carps, Ophiocephalus spp, trout, penaeid prawns, Macrobrachlum spp, lobsters, crabs and bivalves.

Practicals:

Feeding experiments using tilapia species in outdoor cement tanks; Classification, identification, meristic characters, food and feeding habits of culturable species. Identification of penaeid prawns, study of menaeid and palaemorid larvae; Identification of crabs; Study of lobster crab and bivalve larvae; field trips possibly to Udawalawe and Ginigathhena.

ZLS 3204 - Insect Pest management

Theory :

Insect pests in relation to human values; ecological aspects of an insect acquiring pest status; Need to manage insect pests; Insect pest management methodology: by parasites, predators, competition, microbes, using plant and animals resistant to insects, genetic principles, anti-metabolities, feeding deterrents and hormones, chemical attractants and repellants, sterilization, insecticides, physical and mechanical methods, cultural methods, regulatory methods; Ecological basis for insect pest control; Integrated pest management; Economic principles of pest management; Insect pests of medical importance; Insect pests of stored grains; Household insect pests; Major insect pests of tea, coconut, rice, vegetables and horticultural crops and their control.

Practicals :

study of the ecology and biology of selected insect pests in Sri Lanka. Field visits to Coconut Research Institute, Tea Research Institute, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Gannoruwa and Potato Research Institute to study the current pest management techniques practised in Sri Lanka. Field and laboratory studies on the effect of control agents on population parameters of selected pest species.

ZLS 3120 - Laboratory Techniques

Practicals:

Dissections of the following animals to study the internal anatomy leech, crab, freshwater mussel, cuttlefish, starfish, toad, lizard, snake and rat. Use of Warburg apparatus to study respiration in invertebrates; Preparation of permanent amounts of double stained section of tissue using double-embedding technique; Determination of the effect of drugs on the epididymis of rat; study of the maturation process of Ophlocephalus species using gross anatomical and histological techniques; setting up and maintenance of an invertebrate culture, using Ceriodaphnia cornuta and study of its life cycle and fecundity.

ZLS 3109 - Radiobiology (conducted by the Radio Isotope Centre)

Theory:

Properties of the atomic nucleus; Disintegration of radioactive nuclei; Interaction of radiation with matter; Chemical effects of nuclear radiation; detection and measurement of radiation; Radiation dose; Basic cell radiobiology. Radiation induced changes at cellular level; basic somatic radiobiology; Genetic effects of ionizing radiation; Late effects of radiation; Important factors which modify the biological effects of radiation; Radiation techniques - Sterile male technique, food irradiation; Radioactivity in the environment.

Practical:

Characteristics of the Geiger-Mullar Counter and Statistics of counting; autoradiography; Demonstration of the natural radioactivity in the environment; Radioactive decay; Dosimetry; Introduction to the use of the Radiochromatogram Scanner, survey meters, - scintillation Counter and Liquid Scintillation Counter.

ZLS 3110 - Immunology

Evolution of Immunity; invertebrate and vertebrate immunity, morphology of lymphoid tissues in lower vertebrates, innate and Adaptive Immunity; innate immunity - phagocytes, NK cells, soluble factors, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and complement system, adaptive immunity - antigen and antibody reactions, integration of adaptive and innate immunity, Cells and Organs Involved in the Immune Response; cells - myeloid and lymphoid cells, lymphocyte subsets, organs - primary (thymus and bursa fabricius) and secondary (spleen, lymph nodes and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue), lymphocyte traffic, Antibodies and Antigens; antibody structure, antibody diversity, antigens, the clonal selection theory for specific immune response, Immune Response; major histocompatibility complex (MHC), antigen processing, cell interactions via antigen and idiotypes, B and T cell responses, MHC restriction, immunodeficiency, Immunity; Immunity to bacteria, viruses, protozoa and metazoa, host-parasite interactions, Immune Evasion Mechansms; antigenic variation, antigenic polymorphism, immunosupression, Tolerance and Autoimmunity; mechanisms of tolerance, mechanisms of autoimmunity, autoimmune diseases, Hybridoma Technology; monoclonal antibody production, application of monoclonal antibodies, Immunodiagnostic techniques; immunofluorescence assay, SDS-PAGE and Western blots, immunodiffusion techniques, ELISA, Immunization and Vaccination; types of vaccines, methods of preparing vaccines.
Scheme of Examination, syllabuses etc.

ZLS 3111-Animal Behaviour
(Syllabus and lectures in charge of each section )

[introduction to animal behaviour and history of ethology]
[Measuring behaviour]

[Control of behaviour ;biological rythms,motivation,aggression and stress]
[perception of external stimuli;signals and communication]
[Reproductive behaviour;mate selection,mating systems,courtship behaviour,sperm competition,parental care,reproductive isolation,prevention of hybridization and avoidance of inbreeding]
[social behaviour;grouping,spacing,territorial behaviour and population density,hierarchical systems,agonistic behaviour and altruism]
[functional aspects of behaviour;mimicry,camouflage,Instincts,Learning behaviour;habituation , conditioning,trial and error learning,imprinting,insight learning and latent learning]
[Behavioural ecology]
[Role of behaviour in evolution;optimality theory,effect of behaviour on fitness,individual survival,foraging behaviour and foraging theory]
[Human behaviour;analysis of human behaviour]
[Applied behaviour;application in agriculture,veterinary science,animal welfare and conservation]

BTBS 3101 – PLANT PATHOLOGY

Introduction - Concept of disease, History of Plant Pathology, Significance of plant diseases, Symptoms and types of plant diseases, Effect of human society on plant diseases; Procedures in Diagnosis of Plant Diseases – Infectious diseases, Non-infectious diseases, Kochs’ rules; Causative Agents of Plant Diseases – Fungi, Bacteria, Mollicutes, Viruses and Viroids, Nematodes; Parasitism and Disease Development – Parasitism and pathogenecity, Host range of pathogens, Disease triangle, Diseases cycle / Infection cycle, Relationship between disease cycles & epidemics; How Pathogens Attack Plants – Mechanical forces, Microbial enzymes and toxins, Growth regulators; Effect on Physiology of Host – Photosynthesis, Translocation and transpiration, Respiration, Permeability, Transcription and translation; Defense Mechanisms of Plants – Pre-existing structural and chemical defenses, Induced structural and biochemical defenses; Genetics of Plant Diseases – Genes and disease, Types of resistance, Gene for gene concept, Development of resistant varieties; Environment and Plant Disease – Effect of Temperature, Moisture, Wind, Light, Soil pH and structure, Nutrition, Herbicides; Plant Disease Epidemiology – Elements of an epidemic, Patterns of epidemics, Mathematical description, Comparison of epidemics, Development of epidemics, Forecasting, Simulation of epidemics; Control of Plant Diseases – Exclusion, Eradication, Immunization & developing resistance, Direct protection, Integrated control; Plant Pathology in Practice – Study of a few common diseases of crop plants, Plant pathogens as biological weapons.

BTBS 3102 - MICROBIOLOGY

Microorganisms and Laboratory Safety – Harmless Microorganisms and assumptions, GMT, GILSP and GOSH practices, Collection and transport of clinical samples, How to handle spills of hazardous material , Aerosols, High speed centrifuges, Handling liquefied gases, Floor care, Insect control, Assessing autoclave function, Sterilization with radiation, Handling radio-labeled material, Proper use of Biosafety cabinets, Physical and Mechanical hazards, Packing and shipping hazardous material; Bio-safety and Containment for Risk Microorganisms – Risk categories for different Value systems, Laboratory types for different bio-safety/ containment levels, Facility design and Physical containment, Handling human pathogenic viruses, How to handle genetically manipulated microorganisms, Handling of clinical samples, Handling of plant pathogens and laboratory facilities, Disposal of cultures and Decontamination, Containment equipment; Environment Applications – Wastewater (urban and industrial) microbial treatments, Composting and Solid waste treatment, Biogas, Anaerobic sludge as fertilizer, Biofertilizers/ live microbial cultures for fertility increase, Bioformulations, Biopesticides, Eutrophication control, Biodeterioration control, Bioremediation, Biomanipulation, Biomining, Bioleaching, Biophiles, Biosparging, Bioventing, Use of ice- bacteria, Drinking water microbiology, Quarantine aspects with respect to microbial cultures; Microorganisms and Agri-production – Microbial inocula, Use of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide, Virus as biopesticides, Dinitrogen fixation, Legumes, Use of Cyanobacterial inocula, Organic matter as food for soil microorganisms, Introduction to organic agriculture, Some tests for virus detection, Bacteria and Virus elimination in TC plantlets; Soil Biological Quality and Crop growth – Soil and soil components, Soil Biology, Soil organic matter and humus, Microbial activities, Mineralization and Immobilization, Priming effect, Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere, Natural flora of plants and plant-microbe interactions, Symbiotic associations, Soil fertility and soil degradation, Methods in soil biology; Food Technology - Microbial aspects of food spoilage and improvement, Preservation and storage, Water activity, Food infection and Food poisoning, Aflatoxins, Sanitation in food industry, Value addition, Testing of food for microbial pathogens and GM products, Food related microbial pathogens; Microorganisms in Industry – Industrial hygiene, Yeast, Microbial biomass as food, Milk products, Alcoholic beverages, Pharmaceuticals, Enzymes, Solvents, Production of rhizobial inocula, GM microorganisms in industry, Regulatory issues on use of microbial cultures, Current status in Sri Lanka.

BTBS 3103 - HORTICULTURE

Impact of Horticulture – Brief history, Horticultural classification, Horticultural crops, Economic importance; Essentials of Nursery Management – Soil management: Garden soil, Physical and chemical properties of soil, Organic matter, Compost, Maintenance of soil condition, Cultural practices; Water management: Water quality, Irrigation, Mulching, Nursery structures: Protected cultivation (greenhouses), Environment controls; Hydroponic Culture; Growing Media and Media Mixes - Loam – based and non-loam based media, Heat and Chemical treatment of growing media, Container-growing; Use of Manures and Fertilizers in Horticultural Crop Production; Organic Farming; Environment Factors in Vegetable and Fruit Growing - Climatic factors, Water Supply, Selection of Site; Growth Control in Horticultural Crops - Physical control: Pruning and training, Biological control: Graft combination, Chemical control: Use of plant growth substances; Plant Propagation; Plant Improvement; Commercial horticulture - Horticultural production systems, Orcharding, Vegetable farming, Floriculture; Ornamental Gardening; Landscape Horticulture; Amenity Horticulture; Post Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops – Market preparation: Harvesting and handling, Grading, Curing, Packaging and transport, Storage; Cold storage, Controlled & modified atmosphere, Cold chain, Chemical treatment, Radiation treatment, Food processing – Blanching , Freezing, Bottling and canning, Drying, Chemical preservation, Radiation preservation.

BTBS 3104 - PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Introduction– Definition and technologies, Plant Cell & Tissue Culture Technologies – A brief description, Technology and potential application of organ culture, Meristem culture, Anther/pollen culture, Callus & suspension cultures and protoplast culture; Plant Propagation and Somatic Embryogenesis - Regeneration through Meristem, Callus cultures and somatic embryogensis, Production, Preservation and use of somatic embryos as propagules; Artificial Seeds and Automation of Somatic Embryo Production – Principles, technology of automation and the application; Embryo Culture; Haploid Plant Production; Cryopreservation – Storage of germplasm; Protoplast Culture; Somatic Hybridization, Induction & Utilization of Somatic Variants; Secondary Metabolite Production Through Cell Cultures – Principles and the technology, Pharmaceutical & beverage production; Commercialization of tissue culture technology – Concept of commercialization and the need, Design of TC laboratory and management.

BTBS 3105 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Basics of Plant Molecular Biology – DNA as the store of information, definitions and relationships between chromosome, gene, cistron, allele, Molecular structure and properties of nucleic acids; Organization of Nuclear Genes – Nucleus and chromatin organization, DNA packaging, organization and types of DNA sequences, Functional and Non functional sequences, Chloroplast and Mitochondrial genomes, Molecular basis of DNA sequences as molecular markers and their applications; Structure and Expression of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genes - Transcription and processing of RNA, Regulatory signals in plant genes, RNA splicing, Translation and Post- translation processes, Targetting proteins; Techniques in Molecular Biology – Approaches and techniques for isolation, identification, localization, and quantitation of nucleic acids and proteins, Detection of nucleic acids and proteins in solution, In vitro synthesis, Gel electrophoresis - Agarose, Polyacrylamide, SDS, PAGE, 1 D and 2 D gel electrophoresis, Visualization / detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence, Blotting techniques, Southern, Northern and Western blotting, Nucleic Acid hybridization, Nucleic acid probes/ antibodies for detection of proteins, Autoradiography and fluorography, In situ hybridization, In vivo labelings, Other techniques and applications; Recombinant DNA Techniques – Restriction endonucleases and restriction mapping, DNA modifying enzymes in cloning, cloning vectors, scope of cloned genes, DNA sequencing, cDNA synthesis, construction of cDNA and Genomic libraries, Nuclear run-off transcription, PCR, Chromosome walking; Gene Transfer in Plants – Gene transfer systems, Molecular biology of gene transfer.

BTBS 3106 - PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY