AM 218 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES & CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Part A - Differential Equations and Functions of Several Variables

Differential Equations:

Illustrations from differential geometry, fluid mechanics, atomic physics.

Linear equations of the second order where the coefficients are functions of the independent variable. Ordinary points, Singular Points, Regular Singular Points; Solution in Series. Stability of the solutions.

Solution of Laplace’s Equation. Legendre’s equation. Legendre Polynomials, their linear independence and recurrence relations. Bessel Function.

Functions of several variables:

Limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Integration (change of variables).

Part B - Classical Mechanics
Frames of Reference:

Frames in translatory and rotational motion. Transformation of Velocity and Acceleration. Velocity and acceleration components in cartesian, polar and cylindrical coordinates.

The inertial frame of the distance stars:

Newton’s Law of motion; Newton’s Law of Gravity; Central Orbits; the rotating earth; Projectiles (long range); Foucault Pendulum.

Moment and products of inertia of a system of particles:

Inertia Matrix; Principal Axes and Moment of Inertia; Equations of moments for a system of particles, Centre of mass frame, Conservation Laws and Symmetries.

Rigid Body Motion:

Formulae for linear momentum, angular momentum and kinetic energy. Euler’s equation; Gyroscopic Motion; Precession.

Impulsive or Discontinuous Motion.

AM 217 - Basic Statistical Inference, Introduction to Computer Systems

Part A - Basic Statistical Inference

Concept of Statistical Inference:

Introduction, population sample, parameters, model estimators, sampling distributions.

Parametric tests:

Inferences about the mean of a normal population : Single sample problems : point and interval estimation of hypothesis tests when

(a) is known and

(b) is unknown,

the distribution, concepts of degrees of freedom : Two sample problems : independent sample with (a) known population variances and (b) unknown but equal variances, pooled variance, paired samples, confidence limits and hypothesis tests for the differences between the two population means.

Inferences about variance for Normal data:

Point estimation, sampling distribution of the sample variance, Chi-squared distribution, interval estimation, hypothesis testing for: being equal to a specified value in the case of a single sample and being equal to variance of a second population in the case of a two sample problem: F distribution.

Errors:

Types of errors associated with hypothesis testing. Type I and type II errors, power of the test, power curves.

Other distributions:

Inference using Central Limit Theorem. Point and interval estimation and hypothesis testing for parameters in the Poisson and Binomial distributions. Comparison of two Binomial probabilities.

Part B - Introduction to Computer Systems

Binary notation, logical operations: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, Truth tables, Boolean algebra, logical expressions and minimisations; combinational and sequential logic devices: encoders, decoders, multiplexers, adders, registers and counters; number systems: binary, octal, hexadecimal; data representation: bytes and words; negative number representation: signed and two’s complement; memory devices: read only and read/write memory, backup storage, access and cycle time ; principles of serial and parallel data transmission, stored program control concept, brief historical development; the function and the interaction between arithmetic/logic, control and storage elements of a computer, typical instruction set: fetch and execution cycle; contemporary computing equipment: micro, mini and main frames, operational performance and relative cost, role of system software, operating system principles: multi tasking, real time and distributed systems; concept of process, background tasks, need for resource management, GUI based operating systems.

SC 215 Data Structures and Algorithms

Efficient algorithms for sorting, searching and selection: sorting by exchange, insertion and selection sort, quick sort, heap sort, shell radix and address calculation sort, sequential search and index sequential search; Efficiency of algorithms, worst-case analysis, average case analysis, lower and upper bounds; Algorithm design techniques: divide and conquer, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, algorithms for fundamental graph problem (depth-first search, breadth-first search, connected components, shortest paths); Dynamic data types: pointer data type (implementation, operations and application); static data types: their properties, implementation, operations and applications (single linked list, doubly linked list, stacks, queues); Tree structures: sets and relations, trees, binary trees, tree traversal algorithms, threaded tress, binary search trees, balanced trees, multi-way search trees, applications; properties of a table: implementation of hash tables and applications, facilities for building complex structures (graphs, recursive list, and ring), applications.

SC 213 - Assignments in Statistics and Computer Science

PH 216 - Electronics & Electromagnetism I (45 Hours)

Electronics (30 hours)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic semi conductors, p-n junction, Junction diode, Diode characteristics, the Zener diode, Rectifier circuits, Low voltage power supply, Diode types, 7-segment display, Action of a bipolar transistor, Modes of operation of a transistor, Transistor characteristics, Biasing and amplifying action of a transistor, Designing of a single stage common emitter amplifier, Equivalent circuit for an npn transistor using h-parameters, Expression for voltage gain of a common emitter amplifier using h-parameters, Frequency response of an amplifier Action of Field Effect transistors and MOSFETS. Feedback, Oscillators, Representation of information using Analogue and digital methods, Basic logic gates, Logic expressions, TTL and MOS Logic families. Combinational logic circuits (Full adder), Flip-Flops, Digital Counters.

Electromagnetism I (15 Hours)

Electrostatics: Electric charge, Fundamental Force law of electromagnetism (Lorentz Force), Concept of the electric field and lines of force, Principle of Superposition; Coulomb's law, Theorem on electric potential, Potential due to a single charge, Electric flux and Gauss' law, Electric field due to a sphere of charge, infinite line charge and a uniform sheet of charge; Electrical conductors and the associated electric fields, Stokes theorem and the field inside a cavity, Infinite parallel conducting plates; Electric field due to a dipole, Method of images, Electric field in the atmosphere; Capacitors, Eccentric cylinder problem, Energy of a charged capacitor; Dielectrics, Ferro-electrics, Piezoelectric effect, Polarisation vector, Boundary conditions at the interface of two dielectrics.

PH 217 - Modern Optics & Electromagnetism II (45 Hours)

Modern Optics (30 Hours)

Spherical surfaces; Thin lenses; Thick lenses; Lens aberrations; Matrix methods applied to optical elements; Maxwell's equations and the wave equation with plane harmonic wave solutions in 1D and 3D; Spherical waves; The poynting vector and irradiance; Linear polarization and Malus's Law; Circular and Elliptical polarization; Polarization by scattering and reflection; The optics of solids; Birefringence; Quarter-wave plates; Optical activity; Jones vectors; Fresnel's equations; Fibreoptics and optical waveguides. The principle of linear superposition; Coherence time and coherence length; Visibility of fringes; Interference by division of wavefront and amplitude; Applications of interference; The Michelson interferometer; Multiple-beam interference; The Fabry-Perot interferometer; General description of diffraction; Fraunhofer diffraction patterns; Rectangular and circular apertures; The resolving power of optical instruments; The diffraction grating; Fresnel diffraction patterns; The Cornu spiral; Lasers, their production and applications; Holography.

Electromagnetism II (15 Hours)

Gauss law for magneto-statics and the B vector, Hall Effect, Current density, Ampere's law, Biot-Savart law; Magnetic field due to an infinitely long current carrying wire and a circular current loop; Force on a current carrying wire due to magnetic fields: Magnets: paramagnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism; The Amperean current and the H vector, Boundary conditions between different magnetic materials; Electromagnets, Toroid, Ge- neration of H by permanent magnets, Hysteresis and B-H curves; Electromanetic Induction and Waves: Faraday's law, Lenz's law,Induced E.M.F.,Maxwell's equations and the derivation of wave equation; Some Practical Aspects: E.M.F. for a straight wire moving in a B field; Dynamos and motors, Mutual and self inductance, Flux linkage of a solenoid.

PH 213 - Practicals (90 Hours)

Topics covered - Analogue Electronics: Experiments on diodes and transistors and their applications, Digital Electronics: Experiments on logic gates and their applications, General Physics: Experiments on rotational and oscillatory motions, Electricity: Experiments on power supplies, electrical circuits and resonance, Optics: Experiments on interference. Evaluation is by an assessment procedure that is based on the student's performance and report on each. Experiment.

SC221 - Statistical Applications

Planning of a survey, Questionnaire designing, Problems arising in the execution of a survey.

Mortality, Morbidity, Comparison of morbidity data, standardisation, life tables.

Principles of design, replication and randomisation, Model for a Completely randomised design, Analysis of variance for one-way classification, Standard errors for specific Comparisons.

Non-parametric tests:
Introduction, one sample tests, randomisation tests, Wilcoxon's one sample tests.
Sign test, sign rank tests, Mann Whittney test.
Simple Contingency tables, testing for independence-Fishers exact test.

AM 217 - Basic Statistical Inference, Introduction to Computer Systems

Part A - Basic Statistical Inference

Concept of Statistical Inference:

Introduction, population sample, parameters, model estimators, sampling distributions.

Parametric tests:

Inferences about the mean of a normal population : Single sample problems : point and interval estimation of hypothesis tests when

(a) is known and

(b) is unknown,

the distribution, concepts of degrees of freedom : Two sample problems : independent sample with (a) known population variances and (b) unknown but equal variances, pooled variance, paired samples, confidence limits and hypothesis tests for the differences between the two population means.

Inferences about variance for Normal data:

Point estimation, sampling distribution of the sample variance, Chi-squared distribution, interval estimation, hypothesis testing for: being equal to a specified value in the case of a single sample and being equal to variance of a second population in the case of a two sample problem: F distribution.

Errors:

Types of errors associated with hypothesis testing. Type I and type II errors, power of the test, power curves.

Other distributions:

Inference using Central Limit Theorem. Point and interval estimation and hypothesis testing for parameters in the Poisson and Binomial distributions. Comparison of two Binomial probabilities.

Part B - Introduction to Computer Systems

Binary notation, logical operations: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, Truth tables, Boolean algebra, logical expressions and minimisations; combinational and sequential logic devices: encoders, decoders, multiplexers, adders, registers and counters; number systems: binary, octal, hexadecimal; data representation: bytes and words; negative number representation: signed and two’s complement; memory devices: read only and read/write memory, backup storage, access and cycle time ; principles of serial and parallel data transmission, stored program control concept, brief historical development; the function and the interaction between arithmetic/logic, control and storage elements of a computer, typical instruction set: fetch and execution cycle; contemporary computing equipment: micro, mini and main frames, operational performance and relative cost, role of system software, operating system principles: multi tasking, real time and distributed systems; concept of process, background tasks, need for resource management, GUI based operating systems.

PM 214- ALGEBRA AND LINEAR ALGEBRA

Part A - Algebra

Permutations and Determinants:
Permutations as products of disjoint cycles, transpositions, even and odd permutations. Definition and basic properties of determinants, Laplace expansion, Cramer’s rule.

Polynomials:

Integral domains and fields, polynomials over integral domains ( polynomials over Z and over Zn ), polynomial functions.

Polynomials over a field:

Lagrange’s interpolation formula. Division algorithm, remainder theorem, greatest common divisor, the formal derivative and repeated roots, irreducible polynomials, unique factorization theorem. Rational Forms.

Polynomials over R and over C:

Fundamental theorem of algebra, factorization into linear and quadratic factors.Symmetric functions of the roots. Transformation of equations. Solution of cubic and quartic equations. Equations with integer coefficients. Location of roots. (Rolle’s theorem, Descarte's rule of signs, Sturm's theorem).

Recurrence relations:

Solution of difference equations of the first and second order.

Applications:

Summation of finite series, rational functions and recurring series, difference codes, solution of equations by approximate methods (the method of simple iteration, the bisection method, the secant method, the Newton-Raphson method).

Part B - Linear algebra

Matrix Algebra:

Block matrices , symmetric and Hermitian matrices, orthogonal and unitary matrices.

Matrices and linear Equations:

Elementary row operations and elementary matrices, row reduced echelon matrices and solution of linear equations.

Vector Spaces:

Subspace, linear combination, span, linear independence, finite dimensional vector spaces (basis, dimension, co-ordinates and change of basis).

Linear Mappings:

Kernel and image, rank and nullity, operations with linear mappings (sum and product, space of homomorphisms Hom(V,U)), algebra of linear operators, invertible operators.

Some Applications:

Rank of a matrix (row and column rank and their equality), linear problems (systems of linear equations Ax=B, difference equations, differential equations), Wronskians.

Matrix Representation of Linear Mappings:

Sum, composition, inverse. Change of basis.

Euclidean spaces :

Orthonormal bases, Gram –Schmidt process, length preserving linear mappings , orthogonal complement, orthogonal projection (with applications in geometry and the theory of functions).

Inner Product Spaces :

Orthonormal bases, Gram –Schmidt process, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, orthogonal complement, orthogonal projection, linear functionals and adjoint operators, orthogonal and unitary matrices.

PM 217-ANALYSIS I

Part A - Series

Real sequences:

lim sup and lim inf of real sequences, convergent sequences and limits, Cauchy's General Principle of Convergence, Unbounded sequences, Algebra of convergent sequences.

Real Series:

Convergent series and limits, General Principle of convergence, necessary condition for convergence.

Series of positive terms:

Comparison test, D’Alembert’s Ratio test, Cauchy’s Root test, Integral test, Condensation test.

Series in General:

Absolute convergence and conditional convergence, re-arrangement theorem for absolutely convergent series, Cauchy Product, Dirichlet’s test and Abel’s test for series of the form ?anbn, Alternating series.

Real power series:

Radius of convergence, Differentiability and integrability.

Part B - Real Functions

Limits, continuity and algebra of continuous functions; Maxima and Minima; Intermediate value property; Uniform continuity.

Differentiability at a point, in a closed interval and in an open interval; Rolle’s Theorem; Mean Value Theorem; Cauchy’s Theorem ( Formula ); Taylor’s Theorem and different forms of remainder; Maclaurin’s series; L’Hospital’s Rules for indeterminate forms, Maxima and Minima.

Exponential function, Logarithmic function, real indices and laws of indices, trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions.

CH 213 Practical Component

CH 216 Concepts in Chemistry III

Applications of Thermodynamics

Derivation of criteria for spontaneity which are limited to the system: The Gibbs free energy and the Helmholtz free energy functions. Derivations of expressions for calculating the maximum amount of work, and the net work that can be performed by a process. Derivation of the relationship between DGo and Keq. The dependence of Keq on T. Gibbs Helmholtz equation, extraction of metals from oxides - the Ellingham diagram. The Joule Thompson effect. The energetics of refrigeration. Obtaining very low temperatures. The Clapeyron equation. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Partial molar quantities. Thermodynamics in biology: Definition of DGo', most metabolic activity (DGo' > 0) is powered by ATP, generation of ATP by concentration gradient of H+.

Quantum Chemistry

Classical mechanics, Newton’s Laws, failures, Waves and particles, wave and particle nature of matter, De Broglie relation examples : electron diffraction, Compton effect. Wave packets, functions and variables, operators, operator algebra, addition subtraction, multiplication, construction of new operators, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Hermitian operators, position and momentum operators, construction of the kinetic energy operator. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, postulates of quantum mechanics, construction of Schrodinger equation, wave function, Born interpretation, normalization, orthogonality, particle in 1-D, 2-D & 3-D boxes, free particle, expectation values, probability, hydrogen like atoms. Introduction to angular momentum, spin, atomic units, many body Hamiltonian, diatomic molecule and molecular orbitals.

Surface & Colloidal Chemistry

Surface tension, surface free energy, capillary action, surface excess and surface films, chemisorption and physisorptions, physical properties of chemisorption and physisorptions, isotherms, derivations and applications of Fruindlich and Langumiur isotherms.

Coordination Chemistry

Definitions: Coordination compound, ligand, coordination number, Types of ligands- monodentate, bidentate etc; chelates and chelation, Nomenclature: Rules for naming and writing of coordination compounds and examples, Bonding in coordination compounds: Werner’s theory and experiments; EAN Rule. Isomerism in coordination compounds: Conformational, geometrical, coordination, ionization and hydrate, linkage, ligand, polymerization, optical, Structure and reactivity of some coordination complexes of coordination numbers 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Factors that influence the stability of coordination compounds: Properties of metals: charge of metal ions, metals which form ions with an inert gas configuration, metals which form ions with an outer shell of 18 electrons, transition metal ions, concept of hard/soft acids. Properties of ligands: basicity, chelate effect, concept of hard/soft bases. Parameters used to indicate stability of coordination complexes: stepwise formation constant (k), overall formation constant (b).

Bonding Theory and Application

Valence Bond Theory, Crystal Field Theory: Introduction to Crystal Field Theory and its importance: Application to regular octahedral and tetrahedral systems; consequences of splitting - CFSE, high spin and low spin cases, magnetic properties - diamagnetism and paramagnetism., Tetrahedral distortion of octahedral complexes: Jahn-Teller theorem and evidence for Jahn-Teller stabilization, z-in and z-out cases, square planar systems, factors affecting the magnitude of 10 Dq, evidence for crystal field stabilization, application of theory to explain colour and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. Molecular Orbital Theory: LCAO in relation to heteronuclear diatomic systems, bonding and anti-bonding orbitals - s bonds and p bonds, non-bonding orbitals. Heteronuclear diatomic molecules: Construction of molecular orbital energy level diagram of CO and structure of CO, donor and acceptor properties of CO, transition metal complexes: Construction of molecular orbital energy level diagrams for complexes with only s bonding. Effect of p bonding (M-> L and L-> M ), Similarities and differences between Crystal Field Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory.

Separational Methods

Classification of chromatographic methods, adsorption and partition chromatography, partition coefficient (kD), distribution ratio, introduction to paper chromatography, Rf value relation to partition coefficient. Separation based on charge.

Complexometry

Complex formation, formation constant and use of the reaction in titrimetry, EDTA as a complexone, effect of pH on the reaction of metal ions with EDTA, conditional formation constant, derivation of an equation to calculate ay4-, titration curve, equivalence point, pM, metallochromic indicator, selection of indicators.

Structural Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry

Definitions of a lattice, elements of rotational symmetry, unit cell, and primitive unit cell. Classification of the seven crystal systems and the generation of the 14 Bravais lattices. Definition of a Miller plane. Production of x rays and diffraction of x rays by crystals. Bragg's Law. Debye-Scherrer powder diffraction method. Identification of lattice types in the cubic crystal system by powder diffraction. Determination of lattice type, unit cell dimensions, density and radius of silver. Packing volume. Geometric considerations in packing of spherical atoms. Radius ratio effects. Alloys of metal.

Non-aqueous Solvents

Chemical reactions affected by the nature of the solvent, classification of solvent, self ionization, acids and bases in liquid ammonia and anhydrous acetic acid, pKa values, leveling effects, titration in non-aqueous solvents, solubility of substance in non-aqueous solvents.

Reaction Mechanisms of Transitional metals

Introduction, Ligand substitution reactions, Classification of mechanisms, Substitution in square- planar and octahedral complexes, Mechanisms of Redox reactions.

CH 217 Concepts in Chemistry IV

Spectroscopy
Introduction to spectroscopy. Nature of electromagnetic radiation: wave properties and particle, nature; Einstein-Planck relationship (E=hn); The electromagnetic spectrum; Energies associated with atoms, ions and molecules: electronic, translational, vibrational, rotational. Interaction between radiation and matter – absorption and emission spectroscopy.

Electronic transitions and UV/visible spectroscopy: electronic transitions and fate of the excited state, atomic absorption and emission of radiation by atoms in gas phase; generation of atoms from ions in solution; selectivity in absorption and emission process, electronic transitions of molecules: types of molecular orbitals; electronic transitions and the energies involved, selection rules. UV/visible spectrophotometer, UV/visible spectrum, Beer-Lambert law & its derivation, Limitations and deviations from Beer-Lambert law, Applications of UV/visible spectroscopy, Quantitative and qualitative analysis, Correlation of UV/visible absorption to molecular structure, chromophores and auxochromes. The effect of auxochromes on chromophores, the effect of conjugation on chromophores. The Woodward-Fieser rules for dienes and carbonyl compounds
Vibrational-rotational transitions and infrared/microwave spectroscopy : rotational transitions-microwave spectroscopy, rotational motion of molecules, quantization of rotational energy, energy equation and energy levels, rotational transitions of diatomic molecules, requirements and selection rule, centrifugal distortion, stark effect, poly-atomic molecules, their symmetry, moments of inertia, energy equation, rotational energy levels and transitions, selection rules, vibrational transitions-Infrared spectroscopy, reduced mass, force constant and classical treatment of vibrational motion, quantization of energy, energy equation, vibrational energy levels and transitions of diatomic molecules. Morse potential and potential energy diagram, anharmonicity, bond dissociation and overtones, vibrational-rotational spectroscopy (high resolution mode of Infrared spectroscopy), rotational vibrational transitions, occurrence of P, Q, R branches for diatomic molecules, Introduction to Raman spectroscopy, Scattering, polarisability, vibrational and rotational Raman spectroscopies, selection rules, applications, determination of molecular properties, bond length, force constant, dipole moment etc., characteristic group frequencies and structure elucidation.
Nuclear spin transitions and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy : The nuclear spin; Nuclear spin quantum number (I) and nuclei with spin; the effect of the external magnetic field on spin states; Boltzmann distribution of nuclei; nuclear magnetic resonance and absorption of radio frequency; the NMR spectrometer; shielding and chemical shift; the NMR spectrum; Chemical equivalence; Integration (areas under the peak); Chemical environment and chemical shift; Spin-spin splitting; the coupling constant.

Ionization and fragmentation of molecules – Mass Spectroscopy : Introduction; the mass spectrometer; ionization (by electron impact) and the fragmentation process; separation of ions according to m/e value and their detection; the mass spectrum; isotopes in mass spectra; main types of fragmentation in organic molecules, the Nitrogen rule, high resolution mass spectroscopy, special ionization techniques

Organic Chemistry & Bio-molecules

Conjugated unsaturated Systems : Isolated, conjugated and cumulated double bonds, comparison of the stabilities of isolated and conjugated dienes by heats of hydrogenation, structure and bonding of 1,3-butadiene, molecular orbitals of 1,3-butadiene, 1,2- and 1,4-addition to conjugated dienes, kinetic versus thermodynamic control in the addition of HBr to 1,3-butadiene, Diels-Alder reaction, allylic cations and their stability, allylic radicals and their stability, bromination with NBS, SN1 and SN2 reactions of allylic halides and tosylates,

Aromatic Compounds : Introduction, benzene and its properties, Kekule’ structure of benzene, resonance theory and molecular orbital picture of benzene, Huckel’s rule and annulenes, aromatic, antiaromatic and nonaromatic compounds, aromatic ions, other aromatic compounds: structures and p-bonding of polycyclic benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons, nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic aromatic compounds and fullerenes, basicity of nitrogen heterocycles

Electrophilic aromatic substitution : Mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzene, halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, and formylation reactions of benzene, limitations and synthetic applications of Friedel-Crafts reactions, Clemmensen reduction. Effect of substituents on the reactivity and orientation of electrophilic aromatic substitution (Classification of common substituents as activating, deactivating groups, ortho-para directors, meta directors, Combined effect of two substituents), multiple-step syntheses of polysubstituted benzene derivatives (including the manupulation of subtitution patterns by the introduction and removal of the –SO3H group)

Addition reactions of benzene and derivatives : Benzylic radicals, halogenation of the side chain, benzylic cations, benzylic halides in nucleophilic substitution reactions, stability of alkenylbenzenes - conjugated versus nonconjugated, additions to alkenylbenzenes, oxidation of the side chain. Hydrogenation, chlorination of the benzene ring, Birch reduction

Aryl halides and nucleophilic aromatic substitution : Structure (nature of the carbon-halogen bond), nucleophilic aromatic substitution by addition-elimination, nucleophilic aromatic substitution through elimination – addition mechanism (formation of benzyne)

Aldehydes and ketones : Introduction, physical properties, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones : Oxidation of alcohols, DIBAL-H, LiAlH(Ot-Bu)3 reductions, ozonolysis, Friedel-Crafts acylation, from alkynes, from lithium dialkylcuprates, Grignard reagents, organolithium compounds. Nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond : general mechanism for the addition of strong nucleophiles and addition under acid-catalysis. Addition of water and alcohols :hydrates, acetals and ketals. Acetals and cyclic ketals as protecting groups, thioacetals and thioketals, alkylation of 1,3-dithianes : umpolong – polarity reversal. Condensations with ammonia and primary amines (formation of imines), Condensations with derivatives of ammonia (hydroxylamine, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, 2,4-DNP, semicarbazide), Wolff-Kishner reduction, Addition of HCN and NaHSO3, Addition of ylides (Wittig reaction), Tollens’ test. The acidity of the a-hydrogens, enolate ions, keto and enol tautomers, racemisation through enolate ions, halogenation of ketones (base-promoted and acid-catalysed), The haloform reaction, The aldol reaction, dehydration of the aldol, synthetic applications, crossed aldol reactions, condensations with nitroalkanes and nitriles, cyclisations via aldol condensations, alkylation of enolate ions (use of LDA). Additions to a,b-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones : 1,2- and 1,4-additions of Grignard reagents, -CN, organocopper reagents, Michael addition and the Robinson annulation.

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives : Introduction and physical properties, acidity of carboxylic acids. Preparation of carboxylic acids (review: by oxidation of alkenes, aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkylbenzenes, methyl ketones (haloform reaction), by hydrolysis of cyanohydrins and other nitriles, by carbonation of Grignard reagents). Nucleophilic substitution at acyl carbon (nucleophilic addition – elimination), relative reactivity of acyl compounds. Synthesis and reactions of acyl derivatives (acyl chlorides, carboxylic acid anhydrides, esters, lactones, amides, nitriles) a-halo acids. Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids.

Amines : Physical properties, structure (pyramidal inversion), basicity of alkyl amines, aryl amines and amides. Preparation of amines : by reductive amination, by acylation-reduction, by reduction of nitro compounds, by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, by direct alkylation of ammonia and amines, by reduction of azides and nitriles, by Gabriel synthesis and through Hofmann rearrangement. Reactions of amines : preparation of tertiary amine oxides, reaction of primary aliphatic amines, primary aryl amines, secondary amines and tertiary amines with nitrous acid, replacement reactions of arenediazonium salts (introduction and removal of –NH2 and NHCOCH3 groups as directing groups in substitution reactions) coupling reactions of arenediazonium salts, reaction of amines with sulfonyl chlorides, Hinsberg test, the Hofmann elimination, the Cope elimination.

The synthesis and reactions of b-dicarbonyl Compounds : Acidity of b-dicarbonyl compounds, Claisen condensation (synthesis of b-keto esters), Dieckmann condensation, crossed Claisen condensations : with benzoate, formate, carbonate and oxalate esters. Syntheses using acetoacetic ester : mono- and di-substituted acetones. Syntheses using Malonic ester (synthesise of mono- and di-substituted acetic acids), Variations of malonic ester synthesis (with dihaloalkanes), alkylation reactions of other doubly activated methylene compounds, Michael addition of doubly activated methylene compounds, direct alkylation of esters (use of LDA),

Phenols : Structure and physical properties of phenols, synthesis of phenols (Laboratory: hydrolysis of arenediazonium salts, Industrial: Dow process, alkali fusion of sodium benzenesulfonate, from cumene hydroperoxide. Acidity of phenols, reactions of the –OH group of phenols (acylation, Williamson ether synthesis) cleavage of alkyl aryl ethers, reactions of the benzene ring of phenols : bromination, nitration, sulfonation, Kolbe reaction, Reimer-Teemann reaction. Claisen rearrangement, oxidationof hydroquinone to benzoquinone.

Carbohydrates : Monosaccharides (classification: aldoses, ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses), D- and L-configuration, cyclic structures of monosaccharides, Haworth projections, anomers, mutarotation, glycoside formation and the glycosidic linkage, disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, cellubiose, lactose), polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose and derivatives), carbohydrate antibiotics, reducing and non-reducing sugars.

Lipids : Introduction, fatty acids and triacylglycerols, hydrogenation of triacylglycerols, biological functions of triacylglycerols, saponification of triacylglycerols (soaps and detergents), phospholipids and cell membranes, waxes, terpenes and terpenoids (Essential oils, natural rubber), steroids (Structure and nomenclature, cholesterol, sex hormones, adrenocortical hormones, Vitamin D, Bile acids), Prostaglandins

Amino acids and proteins : Structures of natural a-amino acids, L- and D-forms, amino acids as dipolar ions, acid-base behaviour of a-amino acids, Calculation of isoelctric point, peptides, peptide hormones, proteins: Classification (fibrous and globular) and their functions, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, enzymes. Structures of representative alkaloids their pharmacological properties and the biosynthesis of alkaloids from amino acids (one example to show the basic reactions involved).

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis : Structure of nitrogen bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, DNA and RNA, the secondary structure of DNA – the double helix, Replication of DNA, protein synthesis (transcription and translation).

ZL 226 - Animal Function

Principles of Homeostasis

Physiology of neurones: Basic types of neurones, resting membrane potential, action potential, propagation of impulse and myelinated and non-myelinated neurones.

Physiology of receptors and sense organs: Basic types of receptors and their functioning, structure and functioning of human eye & ear; Physiology of somatic and autonomic nervous system of man, autonomic and somatic reflex arcs. Physiology of learning, memory, sleep and dreams. Parts of human brain and their main functions, physiological basis of common nervous disorders.

Muscles: Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles, mechanisms of muscle contraction, muscle spindle and posture, structure and functioning of invertebrate and vertebrate neuro-muscular junctions, physiology of neuro-efector junctions, physiological basis of common muscular disorders.

Endocrines: Major invertebrate and vertebrate endocrine tissues and their hormones, chemical nature of hormones, mechanisms of hormonal action, regulation of hormones via feed back system, pheromones and their physiology.

Cardio vascular system: Composition and functions of blood, blood pigments, haemoglobin and oxygen dissociation curves, blood groups and blood transfusion, mechanism of blood clotting, anticoagulants. Function of human heart, basic principles of blood circulation, physiological basis of common cardio vascular disorders.

Immunity: Blood and the immune system, specific and non specific immunity, vaccinations and active immunity, snake bites and passive immunity, basic mechanisms of allergies.

Respiration: Principles of gas exchange in animals, physiology of respiration in man; inspiration, expiration, respiratory cycle, respiration at different alltitudes, physiological basis of common respiratory disorders.

Excretion: Principles of excretion, nitrogenous excretion, physiology of excretory organs with special emphasis on human kidney, physiology or urine formation, composition and volume of urine, kidney as a major homeostatic organ, physiological basis of common disorders of kidney.

Digestion: Basic modes of nutrition, mechanical and chemical digestion, mechanisms of herbivorous digestion, physiological basis of common disorders of diegestive system.

Reproduction: Hormonal regulation of male reproduction, menarche, menstrual cycle and menopause, physiology of pregnancy, fertility regulation, physiological basis of common disorders of the reproductive system.

ZL 227 - Animal Organisation

Comparative Anatomy

Description of general body plan of invertebrates and vertebrates, general anatomy of body cover, tegument and cuticle of invertebrates, skin of vertebrates, skeletal, muscular, excretory, reproductive, digestive, respiratory, nervous and immune systems of invertebrates and vertebrates.

Histology and Developmental Biology

Animal tissue types, organisation and basic structure of selected vertebrate organs and organ systems, gametogenesis, fertilisation, cleavage, gastrulation, primary organ rudiment formation in representative vertebrates, early mammalian development, placentation, organogenesis, development of body form and differentiation.

Biomolecules

Introduction to biomolecules, their importance and their overall function; Protein structure and function; Oxygen transporters; Molecular diseases with suitable examples; Mechanisms of enzyme action using carboxypeptidase A, lysozyme, chymotrypsin as examples; Connective tissue proteins; Lipids, membranes; Carbohydrates.

BT 217 - GENETICS AND INTRODUCTORY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ASPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT DISEASE CONTROL

GENETICS AND INTRODUCTORY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (30L)

Introduction to genetics, transmission of genes and Mendal’s principles: basic concepts of genetics, symbols and terminology, principle of segregation, monohybrid cross, principle of independent assortment, dihybrid cross, evaluation of genetic data; Modification of Mendelian ratios, incomplete of partial dominance, co-dominance, lethal alleles, gene interaction, pleiotropism, penetrance and expressivity; Transmission of genetic information and cell mechanics: chromosome morphology, homologous chromosomes, haploidy and diploidy , cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and sexual reproduction, the significance of meiosis; Sex determination, sex differentiation and sexlinkage: heteromorphic chromosomes and sex determination,(chromosome ratios in sex determination, sex determination in humans and sex chromosome anomalies, genes on the X-chromosome and sex linkage, holandric inheritance, sex limited and sex influenced genes; Gene linkage: linkage vs. independent assortment, incomplete linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping, linkage estimates from test cross data, tetrad analysis in ascomycetes, recombination mapping with tetrads; Variation in chromosome number and arrangement: point mutations vs. chromosome aberrations, deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations and their effects, euploidy and aneuploidy, aneuploidy in humans, autoopolyploidy, allopolyploidy and speciation in plants; Quantitative inheritance, phenotypic expression and heritability, continuous vs. discontinuous variation, polygenes and analysis of polygenic traits , heritability, selection for quantitative traits; Genes in populations and evolutionary change: gene and genotype frequencies, Hard-Weinberg principle, Mutation , migration, natural selection and genetic drift, role of genetic isolation in specification. Chemical basis of hereditary material: components of DNA and RNA , DNA double helix structure; Organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genes: promoters, regulatory signals, exons and introns; Basic genetic mechanisms in prokaryotes and Eukaryots - Gene expression : transcription, genetic code, translation – DNA replication, high fidelity in DNA replication – Mutations ( depurination, deamination Thymine dimmers) and DNA repair; Introduction to recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering); Genetics of bacteria, Viruses and transposable elements.

ASPECTS OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT DISEASE CONTROL (17)

Aspects of microbiology: introduction and basic techniques, handling microoganisms and microbial-techniques, safety and precautions in microbiology and biotechnology related work; Selected Microbial Technologies, general introduction, microorganisms, health & disease, drinking water and food microbiology, industrial uses of microorganisms as an important component of soil, biogas & bio-fertilizers, biodeterioration and its control.

Plant disease control: Introduction to plant diseases – definition, symptoms economic importance; Exclusion of the pathogens quarantine & inspections, evasion of pathogens, use pathogen free propagating material; Eradication of reduction of pathogen inoculum: agricultural practices, biological methods, physical methods, chemical methods; Immunization and improving resistance of crop plants, use of resistant varieties; Direct protection of the crop: biological methods, chemical methods.

BT 218 –BIO STATISTICS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, PLANT PROPAGATION AND CELL & TISSUE CULTURE

BIO STATISTICS & EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (30L)

Bio Statistics: introduction: population and sample, variables –quantitative, qualitative, statistics of location-mean, median, mode , statistics of dispersion – range, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, coding of data, frequency distributions-tables/histograms, probability, binomial, geometric, Poisson and normal distributions, central limit theorem, confidence intervals for mean and variance, Student

t-distribution, chi-square distribution, hypotheses testing – null and alternate hypotheses, testing hypotheses in sample proportions, hypotheses about 2 sample means, paired sample: Experimental design and data analysis: Introduction, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), F distribution, Completely Randomized Designs (CRD), randomized Complete Black Design (RCBD) , Latin squared, introduction to factorial experiments, random samples and random numbers, correlation and regression, partial correlation and regression, introduction to cluster analysis, use of computers in data handling.

PLANT PROPAGATION AND CELL & TISSUE CULTURE (13L)

Plant propagation; Introduction: objectives, basic methods, advantages and disadvantages. Seed propagation: seed as a propagule, botanical seed, Seed sampling and selection, seed testing. Seed sowing & planting: growing media, seed trays & seed beds, soil sterilization, seed treatment, methods of seed sowing, aftercare, transplanting, orchid seeds; Seed production techniques: high quality seeds, hybrid seeds, harvesting & processing , seed storage; Vegetative propagation: the concept of plant regeneration, cloning, natural propagation; Standard vegetative propagation techniques: cuttings (anatomical & physiological basis of propagation , physiological basis of rooting, conditions necessary for rooting, mist propagation, types of cuttings), layering, grafting and budding.

Cell and Tissue Culture; Introduction: definitions, history, different types of novel biotechnologies; Phenomenon of totipotency, basic principles, culture medial and conditions-different types, use of plant growth regulators, plant development through tissue culture, micro propagation, application of plant cell and tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture & forestry.

BT 219 – PRACTICAL UNIT