Ordinary Differential Equation:
Wherever possible the differential equation should be introduced with examples from a variety of areas.
Particular solution, General solution, Singular solution, Complete Primitive; Remark on Existence of solution; First order First Degree equation, Singular points; Introduction of Differential; Exact Equations; Integrating Factor; Orthogonal Trajectories.
Linear equation of the first order, Linear equation of the second order with constant coefficients. Complementary Function . Particular Integral . Euler’s homogeneous form of the second order.
Simultaneous linear equations of the first order; Equations of first order, higher degree.
Partial Differential Equation:
Functions of several variables; Partial Differentiation , First and Second order Linear equations with constant coefficients; Solution by separation of variables; Heat equation; Wave equation.
Part B – Vectors and Matrices:
Illustrations should be drawn from Geometry, Mechanics, Hydrodynamics and Electromagnetism.
Linear transformation, Simultaneous equations; Matrices; Determinants; Inverse Matrix; Eigen values; Characteristic equation; Diagonalization.
AM117 – Mathematics for Computing I
PART A – INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics:
Types of data (qualitative, quantitative, discrete, continuous), data summarization, frequency table, cumulative frequency table, histogram, bar chart, pie chart percentiles, quartiles, measures of location (mean, median, mode). Measures of dispersion (range, Std. Deviation), coefficient of variation, skew ness kurtosis.
Probability:
Introduction, frequency definition; classical definition, axiomatic definition, finite sample spaces, equally likely events, mutually exclusive events, conditional probability, theorem of total probabilities, Baye’s theorem, tree diagram, independent events.
One –Dimensional Random Variables and Probability Density Functions:
Random variables, probability density function, cumulative distribution functions, expected value, variance, associated theorems, various Generating functions, and distribution of functions of random variables.
Discrete Distributions:
Uniform Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson process and Poisson distributions, and their applications.
Continuous Distributions:
Uniform, Normal distributions, the Central Limit Theorem and its applications.
PART B – MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 1
Sets and relations , Cartesian products of sets, relations as subsets of Cartesian products, partitions, coverings, permutations, combinations, functions and mappings, relations and their properties including symmetry, transitivity and functionality; logical operators, Venn diagrams; Boolean algebra, truth tables, normal forms, propositional connectives, tautologies and contradictions, simple propositional calculus using natural deduction method, validity of arguments, rules of inference, conditional proof and method of reducio ad absurdum, syntax and semantics, first order predicate logic: symbols, terms, theorems, first order calculi: natural deduction, correctness and completeness.
Computer Science
SC 117 Introduction to Programming and Program Design
Introduction to Computers and Programming; Programming language structures, data types: abstract data type, structured types, selection, sequence, iteration, local and global variables; functions and procedures, scoping rules; exception handling methods. Introduction to object-oriented programming concepts, Methods, Inheritance; Program Design Methodology: Approaches to design, functional decomposition, data flow, object oriented and design based on data structures; Top-down Design, Bottom-up Design, Stepwise Refinement, SSADM/ JSD Methodologies; Good design rules: abstraction, modularity, information hiding, coupling and cohesion, adaptabilty; Program Testing: Test plan, Test data, Loop testing, Black Box and White Box testing; Program Debugging: Program tracing, User inserted trace statements, debugging tools; Program Documentation: Need for documentation, Forms of documentation, Documentation aids.
SC 113 - Assignments in Statistics and Computer Science
Physics
PH 116 General Physics & Modern Physics (45 Hours)
General Physics (15 Hours)
Newton's laws, rotational and rolling motion, compound pendulum, motion of a spinning top, equation of motion of a rocket. Gravitation; Kepler's laws, Newton's law of gravitation, gravitational potential, gravitational forces on extended objects, motion of satellites. Elasticity; Young's modulus, bulk modulus and the modulus of rigidity, torsion. Bending of beams; Bernoulli's theorem and elements of fluid flow, viscosity of liquids and gases; surface tension and capillary flow, vapour pressure, cloud formation and rain.
Modern Physics (30 Hours)
Historical background, failures in classical Physics, properties of thermal radiation, black bodies, cavity radiation, Stefan's and Wien's law, classical theory of cavity radiation, Planck's theory of cavity radiation, Planck's postulate and its` implications. Interaction of radiation with matter; the photoelectric effect, stopping potential, cutoff frequency, absence of time lag, Einstein's quantum theory of photoelectric effect, Compton shift, x-rays, production of x-rays, pair production and pair annihilation, the dual nature of electro-magnetic radiation, matter waves, de Broglie's postulate & de Broglie wavelength, the wave-particle duality, atomic spectra, Frank and Hertz experiment, Thomson's and Rutherford's model of the atom, Bohr model of the atom, one electron atom, energy quantization, Rydberg constant, general survey of radioactive decay, alpha, beta and gamma decay, the nature of the atomic nucleus, energy from nuclear fission and fusion.
PH 117 Alternating Current Theory, Waves and Vibrations and Thermal Physics (45 Hours)
Alternating Current Theory (15 Hours)
Resistors; capacitors; inductors; pi and delta transformations of resistor networks; simplification of circuits by using Thevenin's and Norton's theorems, alternating current and voltage; sinusoidal signals; mean and r.m.s. values of sinusoidal signals; single phase and three phase systems; ideal voltage and current sources; a.c. transients in C-R, L-R and L-C circuits; integrating and differentiating circuits; analysis of a.c circuits by using (a) phasor diagrams (b) algebraic methods (c) complex notation; power in a.c. curcuits; resonance in series and parallel L-C-R circuits; the Q-factor; coupled circuits; the transformer; bridge circuits to measure L, C, R and frequency.
Waves and Vibrations (15 Hours)
Periodic motions: sinusoidal vibrations, simple harmonic motion, superposition of two vibrations with equal frequencies/different frequencies in one dimension and two diamensions; free vibrations, damped harmonic oscillator, forced vibrations, power absorbed by a driven oscillator, resonance; wave equation, wave speeds in specific media, phase and group velocities, impedance and energy flux; reflection and transmission; impedance matching between two media; Fourier analysis of pulses; coupled oscillators ; two coupled pendulums, superposition of normal modes, sound; velocity of sound waves, perception of sound, intensity and pressure level, Doppler effect. acoustics of buildings.
Thermal Physics (15 Hours)
Behaviour of gases; equation of state of ideal/real gases, phase transitions, Van der Waals' equation; kinetic theory; kinetic theory of pressure in gases, kinetic interpretation of temperature and specific heat, root-mean-square speed and mean free path, degrees of freedom and equipartition of energy; first law of thermodynamics; isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, free expansion, specific heat of an ideal gas; second law of thermodynamics; the Carnot cycle, practical engines and refrigerators; thermometry: thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, measurement of temperature, temperature scales and absolute zero.
PH 113 - Physics Practicals (90 Hours)
Students are assessed continuously during the academic year based on their laboratory performance in some set experiments on the measurements of: moment of inertia, modulus of rigidity, surface tension, viscosity, thermal conductivity, properties of real gases, parameters of prisms, lenses and mirrors, simple harmonic motion, propagation of waves, superposition of waves, resonance in L-C-R circuits, A.C. impedance, electrical resistivity, radioactive decay etc, and preparation of reports of the same experiments and also by a test held at the end of the academic year.
Statistics
SC 114 - Distribution Theory
Geometric, Negative binomial, Hyper-Geometric, exponential, Gamma and Beta distributions, Chi-square distributions, and their applications. Relationships between distributions.
Two and Higher-Dimensional Random Variables:
Joint cumulative distribution function, joint probability density function, marginal and conditional densities, independence, Multinomial distribution, bi-variate normal distribution, covariance, correlation coefficient. Conditional expectation, expectation of functions of random variables, cumulative distribution function technique, moment generating function. Functional relationships between distributions and their uses in statistical inference.
Transformation of random variables, derivation of t and F distribution, characteristic functions. Limiting distributions, the weak law of large numbers, Central Limit theorem.
PURE MATHEMATICS
PM 114 - FOUNDATIONS AND ANALYSIS
Part A - Foundations
Sets and Logic:
Universal set, set equality and Û, set complement and ~, relative complement, set inclusion and Þ, set union and , set intersection and .
Quantifiers:
The existential quantifier, the universal quantifier.
Proofs in Mathematics:
Direct proofs and proofs by contradiction, counter examples.
Product of sets:
Ordered pairs, n-tuples, product of sets.
Relations:
Ordering relations , equivalence relations.
Functions:
Definition; functions given implicitly; functions given parametrically; sum, difference, product and quotient of real-valued functions; composition of functions; 1-1 functions (monotonic, periodic, even and odd functions, polynomial and rational functions, step functions. Functions given by series); boundedness and functions; sketching of graphs and sketching of curves.
Finite and infinite sets.
Part B – Analysis
Mathematical Proofs:
Concept of truth and proof from different perspectives and their different shades of meaning for primitive man, present day layman, in the eyes of the Law, in statistical work, in the physical sciences and in Pure Mathematics. Axiomatisation; brief historical introduction to Euclid’s geometry, parallel postulate, non-euclidean geometries
- Proof in euclidean , non-euclidean geometries.
- Simple axiomatic systems and proofs of theorems in them.
Early development of Mathematics and Mathematical concepts:
Brief survey of Babylonian, Egyptian and Hindu Mathematics as an empirical science-Mathematics as a tool for the solution of day to day problems, and problems of the physical world – The development of the infinitesimal calculus by Newton and Leibnitz – crisis of infinitesimals and the importance of rigour in Pure Mathematics, solutions of the crisis by the work of Cauchy and Weierstrass – Paradoxes in philosophy and Mathematics and their contribution to the development of new concepts.
Functions:
Classical understanding of functions, the deficiencies in the classical approach. Necessity to make Pure Mathematics independent of Pictorial Representations. The limited uses of Pictorial representation. Functions from a set A to a set B. Domain, Co-domain and range of a function. A function as a set of ordered pairs. Functions from Rf into Rf. (Rf is the familiar system of real numbers). Functions from a proper subset of Rf into Rf.
Closed and Open intervals of Rf. Bounded subsets of Rf. Upper bounds, lower bounds, supremum, infimum. The completeness axiom of Rf in terms of supremum. Proof of the existence of infimum. Equivalent definition of completeness by interchanging the roles of the supremum and the infimum.
Modulus in Rf. Triangle inequality in Rf.
Pictorial understanding of discontinuity of a function at a point. Extraction of an abstract definition of continuity at a point. Further abstraction towards continuity on the left and continuity on the right. Illustrations using the well-known functions and specially constructed functions.
Sequence in the familiar Real number system:
Real sequences, bounded sequences, monotonic sequences, classical treatment of convergent sequences and their limits – Algebra of convergent sequences – Simple properties of complex sequences. Cauchy condition for convergence of sequences.
Series:
Real series, bounded series – Classical treatment of convergent series and their limits – Algebra of convergent series – Cauchy condition for convergence – Series of positive terms, comparison test – Examples.
PM 115 – ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY
Part A – Algebra
Complex Numbers:
Fundamental operations on the complex numbers, complex conjugate, modulus; Argand diagram. Polar representation; De Moivre’s theorem, roots of unity; some simple transformations of the complex plane (w = z, w = kz, w = 1/z etc.); Complex numbers as a field, subfields of C.
Elementary Number Theory:
Greatest common divisor, Prime factorisation theorem in N; congruences, modulo arithmetic, Zn.
Matrices:
Matrices over R and over C; matrix operations; some special matrices (zero and identity matrices, diagonal matrices, triangular matrices, symmetric matrices, skew symmetric matrices, Hermitian matrices, skew Hermitian matrices, orthogonal matrices); The inverse of a square matrix (evaluation of the inverse of a 2 ´ 2 matrix), singular and non singular matrices.
Group Theory:
Preliminaries (Permutations): Definitions and examples (Symmetric group, nth root of unity, matrices under addition, non- singular matrices under multiplication , the symmetric group Sn, the alternating group An), abelian and non- abelian groups. Complexes, subgroups and cosets, Lagrange’s theorem; generators and cyclic groups; isomorphisms and automorphisms.
Part B – Geometry
Review of school geometry E2:
Recall briefly Euclidean geometry. E2 of physical space; pencil point, ruled lines, flat surfaces, distances in meters, angles in degrees; parallelism; Pythagoras, Appolonius, Cevas, Menelaus theorems.
Recall briefly Cartesian geometry E2 (R); Equations of line, circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola. Definition of general conic; Directrix, focus, Eccentricity e; classification of conics.
Pure Projective Geometry P3:
The undefined elements point, line, plane and axioms of incidence of projective geometry P3 in three-dimensional space. The immediate theorems that follow from the axioms. Duality of point, line, plane with plane, line, point respectively. Desargues theorem; Pappus theorem.
Intuitive Synthetic Geometry E3:
Playfair’s axiom on parallel lines; transitive property; two dimensional euclidean metrical geometry E3 with distance and angle, recalled and results assumed; perpendicularity in three dimensional space E3; common perpendicular to two skew lines. Concurrency, collinearity, angles, distances in familiar polyhedra.
Analytical Geometry E2(R):
Rectangular Cartesian coordinates in E2; Conic as a second-degree equation S=ax2+by2+2hxy+2gx+2fy+c=0. General conic and translation of axes. Rotation of axes and classification of central conics. Non – central conics, Degenerate Cases. Classification of conics. Joachimstahl’s equation l2S22+lS21+S11=0.
Equation of Polar, Tangent lines. Families of conics.
S +lu = 0, S+lS¢ = 0 , S + luv = 0
Analytical Geometry E3 (R):
Rectangular Cartesian coordinates in E3. Vector algebra. Equation of lines, planes; direction cosines and change of axes; translation and rotation; Transformation of coordinates; dummy suffix notations; product of transformations.
Quadric as a second-degree equation
S = ax2 + by2 +cz2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
Central quadric
S = ax2 + by2 +cz2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy + d¢ = 0
and its matrix representation. Classification of canonical forms; Non central quadrics; Degenerate cases; classification of quadrics.
Joachimstahl’s equation; Equation of polar plane, tangent plane; Families of quadrics
S +lu =0, S+lS¢ =0, S + luv =0
Chemistry
CH 113 Practical Component
CH 118 Concepts in Chemistry I
Atomic Structure & Nuclear Stability
Description of atom in terms of nucleus and electrons, atomic spectra of hydrogen, Bohr Theory, The dual nature of electrons; de BrÖglie principle, atomic orbitals and shapes, quantum numbers, Pauli exclusion principle, build-up of the elements, Hund’s rule, periodic table, structure of the nucleus, atomic symbol, forces in the nucleus, mass defect, nuclear energy, nuclear stability, modes of decay, a, b, c radiation, natural radio activity, artificial radio active decay, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, nuclear properties, applications.
Chemical Bonding
Introduction to bonding: Octet rule, types of bonds- covalent bond, ionic bond, coordinate bond, metallic bond. Ionic bond: Radius ratio rules, calculation of limiting radius ratio values, coordination numbers 3(planar), 4(tetrahedral), 6(octahedral) classification of ionic structures. Structure of NaCl, CsCl, ZnS. Lattice energy, hydration energy and solvation energy. Covalent bond: Lewis theory, Sidgwick-powell theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, application of VSEPR theory to simple molecules, valence bond theory, hybridization, sigma and p (pi) bonds, molecular orbital theory, LCAO method, s-s, s-p, p-p, p-d, d-d combination of orbitals, non-bonding combination of orbitals, application of molecular orbital theory to homonuclear diatomic molecules from H2 to F2, O2-, O22-.
General properties of elements
Size of atoms and ions, Ionic radii, definitions and applications of ionization energy, electron affinity, Born-Haber cycle, polarizing power and polarizability (Fajans’ Rules), electronegetivity (Pauling, Mullikan, Allred and Rochow)
Properties of Matter
Kinetic theory of gases: derivation, Maxwell distribution of molecular speeds, mean speed, most probable speed root mean square speed. Intermolecular collisions: collision frequency, mean free path, mean velocity, collisions with walls and surfaces. Transport properties: Flux, derivation of Fick's first law of diffusion, diffusion in solution, viscosity. Real gases - deviations from ideality, behaviour of real gases, critical constants, van der Waals equation of state, virial equations of state. The liquid state, pair-wise distribution function. Intermolecular forces in liquids: dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding. Solutions. The solid state.
Thermodynamics (First & Second Laws)
Definitions: system, surroundings, closed system, open system, boundary, diathermic partition, adiabatic partition, State of a system, state functions and path functions, standard states of solid, liquid, solution and gas, Reversible and irreversible processes, reversibility, equilibrium, Work, work done on a system by reversible expansion and irreversible expansion, Heat, internal energy, First law of thermodynamics, zeroth low of thermodynamics, Temperature dependence of enthalpy, Kirchoff,s law, Heat capacities, Spontaneous processes, Entropy, Second law of thermodynamics, Clausius inequality, Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz free energy, Maxwell’s relations and their use, Changes in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz free energy in various processes and reaction, Spontaneity of a reaction. Chemical potential, equilibrium constant and relation to the Gibbs free energy. Gibbs free energy and electrode potential.
Chemical Kinetics
Stoichiometric coefficients and elementary reactions, rate of reactions, dependence of rate on concentration, order with respect to reactant concentrations and overall order, determination of the order and rate constant of a reaction. (examples 0th, 1st and 2nd order, SN1 & SN2 reactions). Applications: Radioactive decay, drug decomposition & metabolism. Methods with examples: Integration method, fractional life time method, isolation method, initial rate method, consecutive reactions, chain reactions, rate determining steps, steady state approximation, diffusion limited reactions, reversible reactions, reactions with equilibrium (enzyme kinetics). Effect of temperature on reaction rates, Arrhenius equation, transition state, intermediates, energy level diagrams. Catalysis : homogeneous and heterogeneous effect on the rate of reactions, molecular collisions and elements of collision theory.
Phase Equilibria
Definitions: system, homogeneous system, phase, component, degrees of freedom. The Phase Rule. Phase diagrams. Phase diagram of water. The metastable state. Enantiotropy and monotropy. Phase diagram of sulphur. Two component systems. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Henry's law. Completely miscible, partially miscible, and completely immiscible liquid-liquid systems. Zeotropic and azeotropic mixtures. Fractional distillation, fractional condensation, and steam distillation. Solid-liquid systems: Eutectic systems, cooling curves, eutectic point, formation of compounds with a congruent melting point, formation of a compound with an incongruent melting point.
Electrochemistry
Electrolytes and non electrolytes, conductance, conductivity, molar conductivity, strong and weak electrolytes, dependence of molar conductivity on concentration, Kohlraush’s law and Ostwald’s dilution law, determination of the pKa of a weak acid, limiting ionic conductivity, chain mechanism of H+ migration, Debye-Huckel theory of activity, mean activity coefficient, Debye-Huckel limiting law, Debye-Huckel extended law, Electrode reactions and cell reactions, Standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, relation with Gibbs free energy of reactions, Types of electrodes, H electrode, ion selective electrode, insoluble salt electrode, redox reactions and redox electrodes, calculation of equilibrium constant, solubility product, pH using Nernst equation.
CH 119 Concepts in Chemistry II
Periodic Table
Periodic Law and periodic table, physical properties of the elements and their trends: Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electronegativity, metallic character, density, boiling and melting points, colour magnetic properties, electrode potential, oxidation state, nature of the oxides, chemical properties of the elements and their trends: Reactions with water, air, halogens, acids and alkalis, diagonal relationship of the elements, inert pair effect, d- and f-contraction, comparison between s- and p-block elements, general properties of transition elements, Lanthanides and Actinides, extended periodic table and synthesis of new elements, properties of selected compounds and their trends: Formation energy, thermal stability, solubility, structure, bond type, boiling and melting points, chemical properties of selected compounds: Oxides, hydroxides, hydrides and chlorides.
Chemical Equilibria , pH Calculations & Buffers
Acid-base reactions, use of acid-base reactions in titrimetry. Gibbs free energy charge and feasibility of a reaction to be used in titrimetry, titration curves and total Gibbs free energy change, equivalence point pH, effect of anions and cations in acid-base titrimetry. Concept of weak acid and weak bases, effect of pKa and pKb values on equivalence point. pH values, Gibbs free energy change and pKa and pKb values, neutralization (acid-base) indicators, pKin and selection of suitable indicators. Weak acid and strong base titration, buffers, buffer capacity and buffer values. Selection of suitable buffer based on pKa and pKb value. Solubility and solubility product, conditional solubility product, effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the conditional solubility product, selective precipitation of metal sulphides in Cu/Sn group, effect of complex formation of metal ion on the conditional solubility product, selective precipitation of metal hydroxides in Iron group, Gravimetry, solubility of a precipitate as the first condition, contamination of a precipitate affecting the definite composition, methods of contamination and how to minimize, introduction to precipitation titration. Oxidation-reduction reactions in titrimetry, feasibility of titrimetry and titration curves, equivalence point potential (Eep) values, redox indicators, selection of redox indicators based of Eeq values, redox indicators, selection of redox indicators, iodometry, applications of iodometry e.g. determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
Organic Chemistry
Introduction to organic chemistry and its importance to us.
Carbon Compounds and chemical bonds, Lewis structures and resonance structures – rules in writing resonance structures, The structure and shapes of methane (sp3 hybridisation), ethane (sp2 hybridization), acetylene (sp hybridization), The Valence Shell Electron-pair Repulsion Model and shapes of methane, ammonia, water, BF3, BeH2, and CO2. Representative organic compounds : hydrocarbons, organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, halogen and sulfur, their occurrence and uses and their IUPAC nomenclature and trivial names.Physical Properties of Organic Molecules: Intermolecular forces : ion-ion forces, dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces and their effects on melting points, boiling points and solubilities. Organic acids and bases: Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids, Lewis acids and bases, the strength of acids and bases (pKa and pKb), structural effects on acidity.
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Physical properties of alkanes, uses and sources of alkanes, conformational analysis of ethane and butane, cycloalkanes and ring strain, Conformations of cyclohexane, monosubstituted and disubstituted cyclohexanes, bicyclic and polycyclic cyclohexanes, synthesis : Hydrogenation of alkenes, reduction of alkyl halides, use of lithium dialkylcuprates.
Stereochemistry: Constitutional isomers and stereoisomers, enantiomers and chiral molecules, nomenclature of enantiomers: the (R-S) system, properties of enantiomers: optical activity, biological discrimination of enantiomers, racemic mixtures, formation of racemic mixtures, molecules with two or more stereocentres, Fischer projections, meso compounds, diastereomers, physical properties of diastereomers, resolution of enantiomers, stereoisomerism and chirality of cyclic compounds : 1,4-, 1,3-, and 1,2-dimethylcyclohexanes, chiral compounds without chiral carbon atoms : biphenyls, Allenes.
The Study of Chemical Reactions : Mechanism, thermodynamics, and kinetics of an reaction, classification of organic reactions : substitution, elimination and addition reactions, bond cleavage processes : homolytic and heterolytic, reactive intermediates : carbocations, radicals, carbanions, carbenes. Types of reagents : (nucleophilic and electrophilic. Types of mechanisms: nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic and electrophilic addition, elimination. Rates of multiple-step reactions, isotope effects.
Radical Reactions : Production of radicals, homolytic bond dissociation energies, relative stabilities of methyl, primary, secondary and tertiary radicals, reactions of radicals: reactions of of alkanes with halogens, chlorination of methane : mechanism of reaction and energy changes, reaction of methane with other halogens, halogenation of higher alkanes, stereochemistry of radical reactions, some important radical chain reactions : combustion of alkanes, autoxidation, freons and ozone depletion.
Ionic Reactions – Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of alkyl halides : Kinetics, mechanism, free-energy diagrams and stereochemistry of SN2 and SN1 reactions, Rearrangements in SN1 reactions, factors affecting the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions. Organic synthesis: Functional group transformations using SN2 reactions, elimination reactions (E1 and E2 mechanisms), substitution versus elimination.Alkenes : Structure and stability of alkenes: Hydrogenation of alkenes: function of the catalyst, syn addition. Relative stabilities of alkenes :heats of hydrogenation and heats of combustion, stability of cycloalkenes. Synthesise of alkenes: Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, dehydration of alcohols, debromination of vicinaldibromides, hydrogenation of alkynes to cis alkenes (Lindlar’s catalyst), reduction of alkynes to trans alkenes, industrial methods of alkene synthesis. Reactions of alkenes: Reactivity of the carbon-carbon double bond and electrophilic addition to alkenes, addition of hydrogen halides -Markovnikov’s rule, Free radical addition of HBr – anti-Markovnikov’s rule, hydration of alkenes, oxymercuration-demercuration, alkoxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration of alkenes, addition of carbenes to alkenes : reaction with diazomethane, formation of carbenes by alpha elimination, Simmons-Smith reaction, addition of halogens to alkenes, formation of halohydrins, epoxidation of alkenes, acid-catalysed opening of epoxides, syn-hydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of alkenes : cleavage by permanganate, ozonolysis, dimerisation and polymerisation of alkenes. Alkynes : Commercial importance of alkynes, manufacture of acetylene, acidity of alkynes, formation of acetylides, synthesis of alkynes from acetylides : alkylation of acetylides, Addition of acetylides to carbonyl groups and epoxides, synthesis of alkynes by elimination reactions : from vicinal and germinal dihalides. Addition reactions of alkynes : halogens, hydrogen halides. Hydration of alkynes to ketones and aldehydes : mercuric ion-catalysed hydration, hydroboration – oxidation. Oxidation of alkynes : permanganate oxidations, ozonolysis.Alcohols : Structure and classification of alcohols, physical properties of alcohols, commercially important alcohols : properties and production. Acidity of alcohols and formation of sodium and potassium alkoxides. Synthesis of alcohols; review of methods described earlier –for eg. from alkenes, organometallic reagents (Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents) for alcohol synthesis (addition to carbonyl compounds: aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides, esters, reaction with epoxides, side reactions of organometallic reagents : acidic compounds, elctrophilic multiple bonds. Synthesise of alcohols by reduction of the carbonyl group : sodiuum borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, catalytic hydrogenation. Reactions of alcohols: Oxidation of alcohols : Chromic acid, PCC, KMnO4, CuO. Formation and uses of tosylate esters, reactions with hydrohalic acids,phosphorus halides, thionyl chlorides, dehydration reactions (to give alkenes and ethers), unique reactions of diols (pinacol rearrangement), esterification reaction : Fischer esterification, with acid chloride. Esters of inorganic acids : sulfonates, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates.Ethers and epoxides : Structure and physical properties of ethers, ethers as polar solvents, stable complexes of ethers with reagents (i.e., with BF3, crown ether complexes). Synthesis of ethers: Williamson ether synthesis, alkoxymercuration-demercuration, bimolecular dehydration of alcohols. Reactions of ethers: Cleavage of ethers by HBr, HI, autooxidation of ethers. Synthesis of epoxides: peroxyacid epoxidation, cyclisation of halohydrins. Reactions of epoxides: Acid-catalysed and base-catalysed ring opening, reactions with Grignard and Organolithium reagents.
Zoology
ZL 126 - Animal Kingdom and Evolution
Animal kingdom :
Basic pattern and adaptive radiation of phyla in the animal kingdom: Rhizopoda, Zoomastigina, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Chordata and selected minor phyla.
Evolution:
Origin of life, history of evolutionary thought, differences between unicellular and multicellular organisational levels, evolution of biochemical systems, major evolutionary systems in the animal kingdom. Origin and maintenance of variation, modes of evolution. Mechanisms of evolution, rates of evolutionary change. Role of extinctions in shaping evolutionary patterns, concept of species, populations, units of selection and mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Biological and cultural evolution of humans, sociobiology.
ZL 127 - Principles in Ecology and Biodiversity
Principles in Ecology
The Biosphere: atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere: sun and atmospheric circulation, precipitation and climatic zones of Sri Lanka, soil and soil types.
Principles of ecosystem structure and functioning: abiotic and biotic components: components of habitat and concept of ecological niche.
Cycling of matter through ecosystems: biogeochemical cycles.
Flow of energy through ecosystems: ecological efficiency, Lindermann's model, ecological balance and stability.
Human impact on ecosystems: introduction of exotic species, pollution of air, water and land, green house effect, acid rain, global warming, resource depletion.
Populations: where do populations live, limits and global distributions, effect of physical factors, geographic barriers; factors affecting population size; birth-rate, death-rate and population growth; trends in human population growth, carrying capacity and limits of population size, r and k selection; interactions among populations; predator-prey, plant-herbivore, host-parasite & commensals.
Ecology of communities: competition among species for limited resources, how communities are organised in time and space, changes of communities over time, succession, ecosystem diversity (major biomes); coral reefs, sand dunes, salt marshes, mangroves, ponds/lakes, streams/rivers, ground water systems, tropical rain forests, temperate grasslands, savannahs, deciduous forests, taiga/tundra.
Biodiversity
Species diversity: (covered under animal and plant kingdom lectures)
Ecosystem diversity: (under major biomes).
Genetic diversity: what is genetic diversity, how is genetic diversity created; polymorphism, heterozygosity, conditions which lead populations to be endangered, consequences of loss of genetic diversity with case studies.
Methods in estimating biodiversity: species inventories and their uses.
Uses and values of biodiversity: direct and indirect values and their importance.
IUCN threat categories: endemic, keystone, charismatic, flagship and indicator species.
Faunal biodiversity of Sri Lanka and impacts on it.
Conservation and management of biodiversity: what is conservation, protected area concept, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, urban nature reserves.
Conventions on biodiversity and national legislation.
Botany
BT 117 - SYSTEMATIC AND VARIETY OF PLANT LIFE, CELL BIOLOGY, PLANT STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLES OF WOOD SCIENCE
